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Psychology > Social Influence - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Social Influence - Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology

types and explanations of conformity

A

studies individual beliefs. attitudes and behavours in settings where other people are pressent (or implied)

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2
Q

key study - jeanness

types and explanations of conformity

A
  • aim - wether individuals will change their opinion in an ambigious situations
  • method - glass bottle filled with 811 white beans
  • 26 students- divided into 3 groups
  • estimate how many beans in the jar
  • asked to give group estimate and the estimated individually
  • findings - average before - m,790,f,925
  • avergae after m,695,f,878
  • average change m,256f,382
  • results - nearly all particapants changed their awsner when had a group discussion
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3
Q

conformity

types and explanations of conformity

A
  • involves a change of behaviour or opionion in oder to fit in the group
  • may be a membership group (family or peers) or reference group (celebs)
  • takes place when we privatly and/or publicly go along with behaviours of the majority
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4
Q

explanations of conformity

types and explanations of conformity

A
  • normative social influence
  • information social influence
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5
Q

normative social influence

explanation of conformity

A
  • the want to be liked/accepted
  • most often in stressful situations where you want social support
  • emotional process
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6
Q

infomational social influence

explanations of conformity

A
  • desire to be correct
  • cognitve process
  • leads to internalisation
  • most likely in new or ambigious situations, or a percieved expert
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7
Q

types of conformity

types of conformity

A
  • complience
  • identification
  • internalisation
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8
Q

compilence

types of conformity

A
  • go along with others to gain their approval to avoid dissaproval
  • invloves process of social compasison - looking at what others say or do to adjust your opionion
  • desire to fit in
  • publicly change views but not privately
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9
Q

identification

types of conformity

A
  • going along with others bc they have accpeted their point of view but only because they want to be liked
  • establish a relationsip with a group by taking their attitudes and behaviours to feel closer with them
  • however belief is likly to stop when not in the presence of the majority group
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10
Q

internalisation

types of conformity

A
  • go alongs with views bc they have been accepted and they believ that it is right
  • leads to long term change with both public and private views
  • change in behaviours even without majority of group
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11
Q

key study - sherif

types and explanations of conformity

A
  • aim - demonstarte that people conform to group corms when they are put in an ambigious situation
  • method - lab expermient using the autokinect effect - small spot of light in a dark room and will appear to move
  • basline - asked how far it moved orginally
  • expermient - tested in groups of three , put 2 people who had simiar guess with someone who didnt
  • say outloid what they guessed
  • resullt- the person who had a different awsner had a simialr awsner to the others when in the group
  • conc - in ambigious situations a person will look to others for support
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12
Q

supporting evidence for normative explanation

types and explanations of conformity

A
  • jeanness - make intial judgments before discussion and then awsner chanhed to others
  • asch - went along with the obviously wrong awsner as they didnt want dissaporval from the group
  • schultz - gathered info from gotel when there was a sign that said 75% recycle their towels and the need for fresh towels reduced to 25%
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13
Q

evaluations of informative social influence

types and explanations of conformity

A
  • postive - * jeanness - make intial judgments before discussion and then awsner chanhed to others
  • negative - perrin and spencer - conducted asch like study in the uk, only one confomity in 400 trials - doesnt occur in every situation
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14
Q

support for internalisation conformity

types and explanations of conformity

A

jeanness - make intial judgments before discussion and then awsner chanhed to others

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15
Q

support for complience

types and explanations of confomity

A
  • asch - went along with the obviously wrong awsner as they didnt want dissaporval from the group
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16
Q

support for identification

types and explanations of confomrity

A
  • schultz - gathered info from gotel when there was a sign that said 75% recycle their towels and the need for fresh towels reduced to 25%
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17
Q

key study - asch

asch

A
  • aim - the extent to which social pressur to conform from a unanimous majority affects confomrity in an ambigious situation
  • sample - 123 white americans undergrads
  • method - believed they were taking part in visual test , line judgemnet and had to pick the right one
  • in a room of 6-8 confederates
  • completed 18 trials, 12 trials were the critical trials which confederates gave incorrect awsner
  • findings - control - 1 error , experiment - 36.8% incorrect
  • conformed 32% of critical trials
  • 74% can incorrect awsner at least once
  • conc - confomred bc they wanted to fit in with the group because even though they knew it was wrong - normative , identification
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18
Q

factors affecting conformity

asch

A
  • group size
  • unanimity
  • task difficulty
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19
Q

group size

factors affecting conformity - asch

A
  • ranged from 2 -15 confederates
  • increased to 12.8% from 3% when 2 confederates
  • 3 confederates - 32%
  • decreased to 29% when 15 conferderates
  • increase then decreased when more
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20
Q

unanimity

factors affecting conformity - asch

A
  • refers to the extent that members of the majority agree with one another
  • when one conferderate gave right awsner conformity dropped 5%
  • different incorrect, conformity dropped to 9%
  • gives them confidence
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21
Q

task difficulty

factors affecting conformity - asch

A
  • correct awsner was always obcious in the first trials
  • made lines closer together
  • conformity increased when task became difficult bc it was ambigioud
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22
Q

evaluations

asch

A
  • ecolgoical
  • gender
  • ethics
  • temporal
  • lab study
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23
Q

ecological validity

asch

A
  • low ecological validity
  • line judgments is an artifical task - lacks mundane realism
  • unable to generalise to other real life situations
  • limited application
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24
Q

gender bias

asch

A
  • gender bias
  • 123 american white male undergraduates
  • we cannot generalise to wider populations as they may not conform in the same way
  • lacks population validity
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25
Q

ethics

asch

A
  • ethical issues
  • deception - told them they were doing somehting else
  • although wouldnt have been able to do it without that
  • needed decption but also a debrief
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26
Q

temporal validty

asch

A
  • temporal validty
  • research took place when confomrity was high in america
  • perrin and spencer tried to recreate but found significantly lower results
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27
Q

aim

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • wether people would conform to the social roles of prison guard or prisoner when placed in mock environment
  • also wanted to see if it was due to dispositional factors or external factors
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28
Q

sample

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • 21 male university students
  • volenteered in a newspaper
  • paided $15 a day
  • randomly assigned to prisoner or guard
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29
Q

why did zimardo do psychological tests before

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • to see if they had pre existing mental issues
  • set a base for the experiment
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30
Q

the environment

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • 3 cells , 1 guard room
  • hold
  • prison cell
  • visting hours
  • court yard
  • priests, lawyers
  • number asisgned
  • arrested by real police offciers
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31
Q

method

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • priosners were arrested by real officers infront of friends and family
  • given a number to wear with chains to wear
  • guards given uniforms , dark reflective sunglasses and handcuffs
  • meant to be 2 weeks but only lasted 6 days
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32
Q

why do this to the prisoners

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • degreade and humilate them
  • dehumanise
  • make them feel small and useless
  • remove identiy
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33
Q

why do this for the guards

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • deindividuation of the guards - dont see them as one persom
  • feel like a different person
  • reflective glasses - “cant see their pain”
  • putting on a uniform means they are a different person
34
Q

findings

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • found they quickly identifed with their roles
  • guards getting increasivly more abusive and would dehumaise the prisoners
  • prisoners became submissve
  • 5 of the prisoners got realise early due to psychological damdge
  • stopped when one of his students convided him this was inhumane
  • had interviews after and then met 2 months after
35
Q

conclusion

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • people quickly conform to social roles even when the roles go against their moral principles
  • situational factors were extremely influenciaal
36
Q

evaluations

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • high interal validity
  • important application
  • ethical guidlines
  • condtridicting findings
37
Q

high internal valdity

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • high level of control over extranous variables
  • good ecological validyt
  • did what happened in prisoners
38
Q

important applications

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • found suicide is 8x more likly in prisons
  • how poeple should act in prisons
  • how guards need to act
  • the support needed in prions
39
Q

ethical

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • right to withdraw - didnt let them go unless they went crazy
  • particapnt harm - caused extreme psychriatric damadge
40
Q

contridicting research

zimbardo - standford prison expirement

A
  • bbc prison study
  • did not conform to social roles
  • prisoners tried to take over
  • guards didnt abuse prisoners
  • temporal valdity
41
Q

obediance

milgram and obediance

A
  • a form of social influence where an individual acts in a response to a direct order from another individual , who is usally an authority figure
42
Q

milgram study

milgram and obediance

A
  • aim - to see if the americal male would act the same to germans in obediance
  • prodecure - met with learner and lab coat
  • picked role (always teacher)
  • had to learn words shock if wrong
  • had a shock to see what its like
  • went from 15v to 450v
  • lab coat urged the teacher to carry on
  • particapnt - 40 america males , volenteers , payed 4.5
  • results- 65% went to 450 , 100% went to 300v
  • conc - ordinary people obey to orders of a percieved authority figure even to extent of killing
43
Q

variation 1- the teacher and learner in same room

milgram and obediance

A
  • close proximity
  • obediance decreased to 40%
  • humanises learners
  • feel more responsible
44
Q

variation 2 - the expiremtor left the room and issued instructions from telephone

milgram and obediance

A
  • proximity
  • decreased to 20%
  • feel less acountable to authority figure
  • less risk of punishment
45
Q

variation 3 - took place in a run down office

milgram and obediance

A
  • location
  • decrease to 47.5%
  • reduces the expirementers legitamcy of authority
46
Q

variation 4 - teacher forces hand on plate

milgram and obediance

A
  • touch proximity
  • decrease to 30%
  • humanise learner
  • feel more responable
47
Q

variations 5 - experimtor was played by an ordianry person of the public

milgram and obediance

A
  • legitamate authority uniform
  • decrease to 20%
  • experimentor doesnt seem legitemate
  • no reason to obey
48
Q

bickman - key study - uniform

milgram and obediance

A
  • feild experiment
  • 3 men ordering new yorkers
  • dressed as , everyday civvilan , milkman , security guard
  • poeple were 3 times more likly to obey guard than civillan
  • 89% obeyed guard , 57% obeyed milkman , 33% civillian
49
Q

key study - hofling - obediance in hospitals

milgram and obediance

A
  • obdiance among nurses to docors
  • docotr telephone nurses and told them to give drug to patient
  • didnt know docotr
  • didnt take protacal
  • 21/22 took the order
  • highlights issues nurses face
50
Q

evaluations

milgram and obediance

A
  • strenght
  • ecological validity - hofling
  • application
  • reliable
  • good interal validity
  • negatives
  • particapnt harm , no informed consent - hofling
  • rank and jacoubson
  • sample
51
Q

ecological validty - holfing

milgram and obediance

A
  • nurses in hispotal , taking orders over the phone and obeying - shows how people can abuse their power
  • negatives
  • particapnt harm - no informed consent , particapnt harm - nurses feel distress after , could loose their job
  • rank and jacoubson - did it again but with a normal drug that nurses always use and there was no obeying
52
Q

sampling

milgram and obediance

A
  • small
  • biased
  • all men
  • oaided 4.50
  • vollenteers
53
Q

aplication

milgram and obediance

A
  • why they use uniforms in army or police
  • percieved authority
  • schools
54
Q

reliable

milgram and obediance

A
  • controlled
  • lab study
  • control extranous varibales
55
Q

agentic state

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A

acting as an agent for an authoritain figure - dont have responsability

56
Q

autonomous state

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A

acting on your own demands - free from control

57
Q

authority

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A

someone who has power and respect in society

58
Q

legitamate

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A

wether they are real or not

59
Q

social heirachy

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A

someone who is higher in society

60
Q

socialisation

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A
  • learning through others - parents , friends , school
61
Q

destructive authority

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A
  • gain authoirty due to harm and want to cause harm
62
Q

moral strain

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A

the fight between morals and what youve been asked to do

63
Q

binding factors

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A
  • the factor that keeps you in the agentic state
64
Q

explanation for obedience

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A
  • two states of behaviour
  • agentic and auonomous
  • autonomous - people act on their own values and take responsability
  • agentc - when they let people direct their actions and dont take responsability - act as an agent
65
Q

explanation for obediance

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A
  • poeple are generally in autonous
  • go through the agentic shift
  • to go through the shift, the person giving the order must be a percieved authority figure
  • need to be seen as legitamte
  • ascpects - locaton , uniform
66
Q

explanation for obediance

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A
  • how we react to authority is to do with our upbringing - socialiasation
  • we learn through our parents and school ect
  • we are taught to respct people who have power over us
67
Q

explanation for obediance

explanation for obediance - agency theory

A
  • if they are aware the order they have been goven could cause a negative impact - they go through moral strain
  • as they understand its bad, however will not feel responsable as tey are an agent
  • the person giving the orders also feels less as they arent doing it psychically
  • to stay in agentic state there are binding factors - denying what theyve done , blaming the victum/order
68
Q

evaluations of explanation for obediance - agency theory

explanation for obediance - agency theory (milgram)

A
  • suporrting evidence - blass and schmitt
  • showed video of milgram study and everyone blamed the experimentor
  • shows uniform deems them to be more authortarian and have more power
  • limited explanation - doesnt explain why they didnt all obey in milgrams study
  • as hofling - shouldnt be obeying on the phone
  • cant be this one explanation
  • culutral differences - did milgrams study in australia , germnay and america
  • all had different obediance levels
  • could be more factors to obediance
  • cant be generalised
68
Q

dispositional explanation

explanation for obediance - authoritarian personality (adorno)

A

based on characterisitcs of (within) the individual as opposed to curcusmtances they find themesleves in (situational)

69
Q

personality type

explanation for obediance - authoritarian personality (adorno)

A

as traits that were believed to cluster together in individuals as a result of childhood experiences

70
Q

cognitive style

explanation for obediance - authoritarian personality (adorno)

A

that puts others into sterotypical catagories (sterotyping)

71
Q

status conscious

explanation for obediance - authoritarian personality (adorno)

A

hostile to people seen as inferior , serve to people seen as superiror , contemprous of weakness

72
Q

intolerant to ambiguity

explanation for obediance - authoritarian personality (adorno)

A

uncomfortable with uncertinty , see things in black and white , rigid and inflexible with their views

73
Q

conventrional values

explanation for obediance - authoritarian personality (adorno)

A

very rigid and traditional values and beleive society requires strong leadership to enforce these

74
Q

childhood experinces

explanation for obediance - authoritarian personality (adorno)

A
  • strict parenting
  • the love of their parents was conditional and dependant upon how they behaved
  • they create an uncounscious resent,ent inside the child as they grow up
  • as they cant express this, its displaced on others who are seen as weak
75
Q

key study - authoritain personality (adorno)

explanation for obediance - authoritarian personality (adorno)

A
  • aim- to determine if obdeiance is a result of personality differences
  • sample - 2000 white middle class americans
  • procedure - used an fscale to assess attidues and morals
  • looked at morals, race , relgion, economic and politics
  • wethered they agreeded to the questions or not
  • finding - those who scored high on the fscale identified with strong people and were comtemptous of the weak - concious of status and respects higher status
  • had a black and white cognitve style
  • conc - there are indivudials who have authoritatian personalities who tend to be espically obediant
76
Q

evaluations for explanation for obediance - authoritarian personality (adorno)

explanation for obediance - authoritarian personality (adorno)

A
  • supporting evidence - milgram interviewed people who fully obeyed in his study and found they had a high score on the f scale
  • suggests a certain personality type you are more likely to obey
  • highers validty
  • however only correlation not causation - not a full explantion
  • problem - we try to explain obdediance for the majoirty of the country
  • pre germany - antisemantic , racisst , obediant
  • america - donald trump
  • this cannot be explained by ap because not everyone has the personality to do this
  • over generalised
  • politcal bias - places like russia and north korea obeying extreme views however have low fscale
  • generalising a whole idiolgy becomes problamtic - socially senstivve
  • limited explanation
77
Q

resisting social influence

resisting social influence

A
  • the ability to withstand social pressire to conform to the majoirty or obey authroity
  • the ability to do this is influences by situational and disponsital factors
78
Q

locus of control

explanation fo resiting SI - disponsitional - locus of control

A

is the sense we each have about what directs events in our lives, it is our preception of our personal control over our own behaviour

79
Q

interal locus of control

explanation fo resiting SI - disponsitional - locus of control

A
  • outcomes within your control
  • determined by your work. attributes or decisions
  • high levels of control over your life -take personal responsability
  • seeks info which will personally help them
  • resists group pressure - less likly to rely on others
80
Q

external locus of control

explanation fo resiting SI - disponsitional - locus of control

A
  • outcomes are out of your control
  • deterimed by fate and independant of your hardwork or decisions
  • believe life is determined by external factors
  • “wrong place wrong time”
  • rely on luck
  • influenced by others
  • dont beleive they exercise personal control
81
Q

evalutating of locus of control

explanation fo resiting SI - disponsitional - locus of control

A
  • supporting - spector used a loc scale on 157 students - people with high were less likly to conform
  • supports reason why we obey - supports existance
  • however - only applys in social situations as didnt show a difference for informational social influence
  • supporting - oliner and oliner - interviwed non jewish surviors of ww2 and compared to those who resisted orders
  • real life application
  • contradicting - meta analysis of all studies over 40 years -over time people become more external but less likly to obey
  • lacks temporal validty
  • correlation isnt as strong

Psychology (7 decks)

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