Psychopathology - paper 1 Flashcards
1
Q
definitions of abnormality
definitions of abnormality
A
- statistical infrequency
- deviation from social norms
- failure to function adequantely
- deviation from ideal mental health
2
Q
statistical infrequency
definitions of abnormality
A
- if a trait or behaviour you are measuring is rare or statistically unusal
- characteristics measured from the population
- .+ real world application
- .+ consistent
- .+ objective
- .- vague
- .- makes depression look normal
3
Q
deviation from social norms
definitions of abnormality
A
- unwritten rule about whats acceptable in a particular society
- person is abnormal if their behaviour violates it
- homosexual (back in day)
- .+ adaptable
- .+ helps society
- .- norms are always changing
- .- ethical differneces
4
Q
failure to function
definitions of abnormality
A
- cant cope with everyday life
- behaviour is irrational, dangerous, and a threat to themselves of society
- .+ easily identifed
- .+ valid
- .- who decides
- .- negative perspective
5
Q
deviation from ideal mental health
definitions of abnormality
A
- loss of characteristics which are good mental health (johoda 6 points
- postive attitude towards self
- self-actualisation
- autonomy
- resitance to stress
- master of their environment
- accuate perception of reality
- .+ easy to define
- .+ looks at postives
- .- culture bias
- .- subjective
- .- unrealistic criteria
6
Q
phobias
characteristics of disorders
A
- dsm-5 & idc-11 - describes symtoms ect
- specific phobia - on an object or expirence
- social phobia - fear of social event
7
Q
behaviours, cognitive & emotional - for phobia
characteristics of disorders
A
- behavioural - panic , avoidance , endurance
- emotional - anxiety , distress (disproportional)
- cognitive - selective attention , cognitive disoriations , irrational beliefs
8
Q
depression
characteristics of disorders
A
- 5+ symtoms for 2 weeks - one must be low mood or loss of intrest
- need to cause clinical distress , impatiant in socail experiences
- cannot involve other medical condtions or substance abuse
9
Q
behavioural, cognitive , emotional - depression
characteristics of disorders
A
- behavioural - endurance , self medication , no appitite
- emotional - empty , same , exhasusted
- cognitive - selective attention , irrational beliefs
10
Q
ocd
characteristics of disorders
A
- obssesions – meaning attracted – distress – compulsions – short term relief – negative reinforcement – obsessions
11
Q
behavioural, emotional , cognitve - ocd
characteristics of disorders
A
- behavioural - compulsions , avoidance of triggers
- emotional - anxiety , depression , embarased
- cogntive - obsessive thoughts , irrasible thoughts
12
Q
mower - two process model of phobias
explaining phobias
A
- aquire through classical conditioning
- maintain through opperant conditioning
13
Q
acquisition
explaining phobias - two process model
A
- acquire through associatation
- we learn associate something we dont fear(ns)
- with something that triggers a fear response (ucs)
- assosiation
- ns is now cs
14
Q
maintance
explaining phobias - two process model
A
- cc suggest that extinction should eventually occur if the cs is without the ucs
- explained by operant conditioning
- negative reinforcement
- avoidance of the CS makes the person feel less anxiety so will be more likely to repeat this
*
15
Q
evaluations of two process model
explaining phobias - two process model
A
- (+) supporting evidence - little abert - however - cant generlise - little albert was taken away before they could do maintaince
- (+) treatments based off of the theory - systematic desensitaion & flooding
- (-) doesnt explain phobias with no trauma - biological (heights) - different theory
16
Q
aim of treating phobias
treating phobias
A
- aim is to create a new conditioned response - relaxation
- achieved by counterbalancing
- based off the theory - reciprocal inhibition - cant feel 2 psychological states at once ( fear and relaxation )
17
Q
systematic desensitaion
treating phobias
A
- anxiety hierarchy - rate phobia sistuations to least and most
- relaxation training - taught relaxation techniques
- gradual exposure - start at bottom of hierarchy and work way up
- gradually increase when you become calm
18
Q
flooding
treating phobias
A
- exposure to stimuli
- continous exposure
- exhaustion will eventually occur
- exchaustion occurs when adrenaline runs out and you feel a sense of calmnest
19
Q
evaluations of systemic densensitiation
treating phobias
A
- (+) supporting evidence - gilroy - long lasting effect
- (+) ethics - consesnt do it on your own - less particapnt harm
- (-) economic - takes longer to do
20
Q
evaluations of flooding
treating phobias
A
- (+) ecominic consideration - cost effective
- (-) ethical - highly traumatic
- critism of method - only use on specific phobias - water is difficult
21
Q
cognitive explaition of depression
explaining depression
A
- becks explanation (negative triad)
- ellis explanation (abc model)
22
Q
becks explanation of depression
explaining depression
A
-
faulty thinking
* seeing a negative aspect of a situation and ignoring the postives
* black and white thinking (either good or bad) -
negative self schema
* having a bad view of yourslef
* all infomation about themselves is bad - negative triad
23
Q
negative triad
explaining depression
A
- negative view of the world
- negative view of the future
- negative view of the self
24
Q
cognitive triangle
explaining depression
A
faulty thoughts – behaviour – feeling –
25
Q
evauluations of becks explaination of depression
explaining depression
A
- .+ supporting evidence - gravilo & terry - 65 pregnant women in 3rd trimester - asses cognitive process now and after baby born - people who had ft in pregancy had it after -
- .+ clerk, beck & alford (book) - scientific foundations of cognitive theory & therapy of depression - found evidence of faulty thinking happened before depression
26
Q
ellis explaination of depression (abc model)
explaining depression
A
- govered by our beliefs of events rather than the event itself
- bad mental health = irrational thoughts
- A - ACTIVATING EVENT - irrational thoughts are triggered by an external event
- B - BELIEFS - beilveing a major diaster will happen when soemthing doesnt go smoothly
- C - CONSEQENCES - when an event triggers an irrational belief there are emotional & behavioural conssequences
27
Q
evauations of ellis abc model
explaining depression
A
- .+ gives patient control- free will as its about beliefs - better results
- .- only explains reactive depression & not endogenous depression - reductionist
28
Q
treatments of depression
treating depression
A
- cbt
- rebt (abcde model)
- behavioural activiation
29
Q
CBT - becks cognitive therapy
treating depression
A
- to identify the porblem from the negative triad and then challenge the idea
- change the view
- set homework - situations and how you can see it in a different way
30
Q
REBT - ABCDE - ellis
treating depression
A
- D - dispute
- E - effect
- identify and challenge issue
- start vigourous arguments with patient
31
Q
behavioural activations
treating depression
A
- when depressed people avoid situations and worsen symtoms
- gradually decrease avoidance and isolation
- increase engagment in some activites
32
Q
evaluations for cbt
treating depression
A
- .+ supporting evidence - mark et al - cbt , cbt and drugs , drugs , none - cbt and drugs 81%
- .- cbt is treatment causation fallacy - getting rid of the symtops doesnt get rid of the problem - more likely to come back - high relapse rate
- .- doesnt work for severe cases - cognitive disabilies - need lots of motivation ———- can be adapted for certain situations
33
Q
explaining ocd
explaining ocd
A
- genetic explaination -COMT gene - SERT gene
- neural explanation - neurotransmitters - brain structures
33
Q
genetic explaination
explaining ocd
A
- caused by faulty bioloigical process
- faulty genes iherited
- study - billet - mz twins - twice likely to get ocd
- study - nestadt - 68% mz 31% dz cordiance rate
- genes are aetiologically heterogenous (diff in each person)
- polygenic
- not enough sert gene (serotonin)
- to much comt gene (dopamine)
34
Q
neural explanation
explaining ocd
A
- less neurotransmitters (serotonin) - stops bad thoughts - so become hyperaware if less
- basal ganglia - distributs serontin and emotional control - stops unwated thoughts and keeps wanted
- orbitofrontal cortex - turns sensory infomation into toughts and actions - ocd have to much action
- the worry circuit - orbitofrontal cortex , basal ganglia , thalamus - ofc sends worry signal whihc are stopped or sent by basal ganlia to thalamus - is basal ganglia not working the worry signals will send
35
Q
advantages of explanation to ocd
explaining ocd
A
- supporting evidence (genetic) - nestadt - 68% mz to 31% dz - genes play a role - highers the validity
- (+) supporting evidence (neural) - antidepressants wokr purly on serotonin - increases levels of neurotransmitters - suggests serotinin must be invloved in it
36
Q
disadvanatges of the explanation of ocd
explaining ocd
A
- (-) to many candiate genes - can not predit - taylor found there are 230 genes invloved - polygenic - impossile to predict - difficult to treat
- (-) ignores other factors - cromer found over half ocd pateinst with ocd had traumatic event - more sevre case - genes cant be olny factor - another explaination
37
Q
ssri
treating ocd
A
- the action potential moves down the axon of the pre synapic neuron towards terminal buttons
- action potential goes onto vesicles which realise neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
- neurotransimitters diffuse and bind with receptorsites or go back to reuptake transporters
- summation - postive = exicatory , negative = inhibted
- ssri block reuptake transpoter forcing serotinin to remain in gap - more likely to bind with recepotor sites and inhibit new action potential
38
Q
evaluations of ssri
treating ocd
A
- (+) supporting evidences - placebo & drug - drug worked better - shows it wokrs - highers valdity
- (+) comnination - works best with cbt - more effective - has real life application
- (-) not long lasting - high relapse rate - need high motivation when come off - become depanddent on the drug
- (-) treat symtom not the cause - doesnt cue trauma - lowers validty
39
Q
A
