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Psychology > Psychopathology - paper 1 > Flashcards

Psychopathology - paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

definitions of abnormality

definitions of abnormality

A
  1. statistical infrequency
  2. deviation from social norms
  3. failure to function adequantely
  4. deviation from ideal mental health
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2
Q

statistical infrequency

definitions of abnormality

A
  • if a trait or behaviour you are measuring is rare or statistically unusal
  • characteristics measured from the population
    • real world application
    • consistent
    • objective
    • vague
    • makes depression look normal
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3
Q

deviation from social norms

definitions of abnormality

A
  • unwritten rule about whats acceptable in a particular society
  • person is abnormal if their behaviour violates it
  • homosexual (back in day)
    • adaptable
    • helps society
    • norms are always changing
    • ethical differneces
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4
Q

failure to function

definitions of abnormality

A
  • cant cope with everyday life
  • behaviour is irrational, dangerous, and a threat to themselves of society
    • easily identifed
    • valid
    • who decides
    • negative perspective
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5
Q

deviation from ideal mental health

definitions of abnormality

A
  • loss of characteristics which are good mental health
  • capable of personal growth
  • accurate view of reality
  • master your enviroment
  • having a postive enviroment
    • easy to define
    • looks at postives
    • culture bias
    • subjective
    • unrealistic criteria
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6
Q

phobias

characteristics of disorders

A
  • dsm-5 & idc-11 - describes symtoms ect
  • specific phobia - on an object or expirence
  • social phobia - fear of social event
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7
Q

behaviours, cognitive & emotional - for phobia

characteristics of disorders

A
  • behavioural - panic , avoidance , endurance
  • emotional - anxiety , distress (disproportional)
  • cognitive - selective attention , cognitive disoriations , irrational beliefs
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8
Q

depression

characteristics of disorders

A
  • 5+ symtoms for 2 weeks - one must be low mood or loss of intrest
  • need to cause clinical distress , impatiant in socail experiences
  • cannot involve other medical condtions or substance abuse
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9
Q

behavioural, cognitive , emotional - depression

characteristics of disorders

A
  • behavioural - endurance , self medication , no appitite
  • emotional - empty , same , exhasusted
  • cognitive - selective attention , irrational beliefs
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10
Q

ocd

characteristics of disorders

A
  • obssesions – meaning attracted – distress – compulsions – short term relief – negative reinforcement – obsessions
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11
Q

behavioural, emotional , cognitve - ocd

characteristics of disorders

A
  • behavioural - compulsions , avoidance of triggers
  • emotional - anxiety , depression , embarased
  • cogntive - obsessive thoughts , irrasible thoughts
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12
Q

mower - two process model of phobias

explaining phobias

A
  • aquire through classical conditioning
  • maintain through opperant conditioning
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13
Q

acquisition

explaining phobias - two process model

A
  • acquire through associatation
  • we learn associate something we dont fear(ns)
  • with something that triggers a fear response (ucs)
  • assosiation
  • ns is now cs
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14
Q

maintance

explaining phobias - two process model

A
  • cc suggest that extinction should eventually occur if the cs is without the ucs
  • explained by operant conditioning
  • negative reinforcement
  • avoidance of the CS makes the person feel less anxiety so will be more likely to repeat this
    *
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15
Q

evaluations of two process model

explaining phobias - two process model

A
  • (+) supporting evidence - little abert - however - cant generlise - little albert was taken away before they could do maintaince
  • (+) treatments based off of the theory - systematic desensitaion & flooding
  • (-) doesnt explain phobias with no trauma - biological (heights) - different theory
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16
Q

aim of treating phobias

treating phobias

A
  • aim is to create a new conditioned response - relaxation
  • achieved by counterbalancing
  • based off the theory - reciprocal inhibition - cant feel 2 psychological states at once ( fear and relaxation )
17
Q

systematic desensitaion

treating phobias

A
  • anxiety hierarchy - rate phobia sistuations to least and most
  • relaxation training - taught relaxation techniques
  • gradual exposure - start at bottom of hierarchy and work way up
  • gradually increase when you become calm
18
Q

flooding

treating phobias

A
  • exposure to stimuli
  • continous exposure
  • exhaustion will eventually occur
  • exchaustion occurs when adrenaline runs out and you feel a sense of calmnest
19
Q

evaluations of systemic densensitiation

treating phobias

A
  • (+) supporting evidence - gilroy - long lasting effect
  • (+) ethics - consesnt do it on your own - less particapnt harm
  • (-) economic - takes longer to do
20
Q

evaluations of flooding

treating phobias

A
  • (+) ecominic consideration - cost effective
  • (-) ethical - highly traumatic
  • critism of method - only use on specific phobias - water is difficult
21
Q

cognitive explaition of depression

explaining depression

A
  • becks explanation (negative triad)
  • ellis explanation (abc model)
22
Q

becks explanation of depression

explaining depression

A
  1. faulty thinking
    * seeing a negative aspect of a situation and ignoring the postives
    * black and white thinking (either good or bad)
  2. negative self schema
    * having a bad view of yourslef
    * all infomation about themselves is bad
  3. negative triad
23
Q

negative triad

explaining depression

A
  1. negative view of the world
  2. **negative view of the future **
  3. **negative view of the self **
24
Q

cognitive triangle

explaining depression

A

faulty thoughts – behaviour – feeling –

25
Q

evauluations of becks explaination of depression

explaining depression

A
    • supporting evidence - gravilo & terry - 65 pregnant women in 3rd trimester - asses cognitive process now and after baby born - people who had ft in pregancy had it after -
    • clerk, beck & alford (book) - scientific foundations of cognitive theory & therapy of depression - found evidence of faulty thinking happened before depression
26
Q

ellis explaination of depression (abc model)

explaining depression

A
  • govered by our beliefs of events rather than the event itself
  • bad mental health = irrational thoughts
  • A - ACTIVATING EVENT - irrational thoughts are triggered by an external event
  • B - BELIEFS - beilveing a major diaster will happen when soemthing doesnt go smoothly
  • C - CONSEQENCES - when an event triggers an irrational belief there are emotional & behavioural conssequences
27
Q

evauations of ellis abc model

explaining depression

A
    • gives patient control- free will as its about beliefs - better results
    • only explains reactive depression & not endogenous depression - reductionist
28
Q

treatments of depression

treating depression

A
  • cbt
  • rebt (abcde model)
  • behavioural activiation
29
Q

CBT - becks cognitive therapy

treating depression

A
  • to identify the porblem from the negative triad and then challenge the idea
  • change the view
  • set homework - situations and how you can see it in a different way
30
Q

REBT - ABCDE - ellis

treating depression

A
  • D - dispute
  • E - effect
  • identify and challenge issue
  • start vigourous arguments with patient
31
Q

behavioural activations

treating depression

A
  • when depressed people avoid situations and worsen symtoms
  • gradually decrease avoidance and isolation
  • increase engagment in some activites
32
Q

evaluations for cbt

treating depression

A
    • supporting evidence - mark et al - cbt , cbt and drugs , drugs , none - cbt and drugs 81%
    • cbt is treatment causation fallacy - getting rid of the symtops doesnt get rid of the problem - more likely to come back - high relapse rate
    • doesnt work for severe cases - cognitive disabilies - need lots of motivation ———- can be adapted for certain situations
33
Q

explaining ocd

explaining ocd

A
  • genetic explaination -COMT gene - SERT gene
  • neural explanation - neurotransmitters - brain structures
33
Q

genetic explaination

explaining ocd

A
  • caused by faulty bioloigical process
  • faulty genes iherited
  • study - billet - mz twins - twice likely to get ocd
  • study - nestadt - 68% mz 31% dz cordiance rate
  • genes are aetiologically heterogenous (diff in each person)
  • polygenic
  • not enough sert gene (serotonin)
  • to much comt gene (dopamine)
34
Q

neural explanation

explaining ocd

A
  • less neurotransmitters (serotonin) - stops bad thoughts - so become hyperaware if less
  • basal ganglia - distributs serontin and emotional control - stops unwated thoughts and keeps wanted
  • orbitofrontal cortex - turns sensory infomation into toughts and actions - ocd have to much action
  • the worry circuit - orbitofrontal cortex , basal ganglia , thalamus - ofc sends worry signal whihc are stopped or sent by basal ganlia to thalamus - is basal ganglia not working the worry signals will send
35
Q

advantages of explanation to ocd

explaining ocd

A
  • supporting evidence (genetic) - nestadt - 68% mz to 31% dz - genes play a role - highers the validity
  • (+) supporting evidence (neural) - antidepressants wokr purly on serotonin - increases levels of neurotransmitters - suggests serotinin must be invloved in it
36
Q

disadvanatges of the explanation of ocd

explaining ocd

A
  • (-) to many candiate genes - can not predit - taylor found there are 230 genes invloved - polygenic - impossile to predict - difficult to treat
  • (-) ignores other factors - cromer found over half ocd pateinst with ocd had traumatic event - more sevre case - genes cant be olny factor - another explaination
37
Q

ssri

treating ocd

A
  1. the action potential moves down the axon of the pre synapic neuron towards terminal buttons
  2. action potential goes onto vesicles which realise neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
  3. neurotransimitters diffuse and bind with receptorsites or go back to reuptake transporters
  4. summation - postive = exicatory , negative = inhibted
  5. ssri block reuptake transpoter forcing serotinin to remain in gap - more likely to bind with recepotor sites and inhibit new action potential
38
Q

evaluations of ssri

treating ocd

A
  • (+) supporting evidences - placebo & drug - drug worked better - shows it wokrs - highers valdity
  • (+) comnination - works best with cbt - more effective - has real life application
  • (-) not long lasting - high relapse rate - need high motivation when come off - become depanddent on the drug
  • (-) treat symtom not the cause - doesnt cue trauma - lowers validty

Psychology (6 decks)

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