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Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

(A03)

What is the effects of levels of education in authoritarian personality

A

Research suggests a less educated person is more authoritarian than a well educated person
Suggesting authoritarian personalities is about levels of education rather than personalities

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2
Q

(A03)

What was the effect of locus of control on independent behaviour in resisting social influence

A

Interviews 2 groups of non-Jews who lived through the holocaust
They asked them if they protected the Jews from the nazis or not
The group that did rescue had internal locus of control
However interviews aren’t the best form of research
- person may lie for social desirability
- demand characteristics
-may cause psychological harm to remember
Supports locus of control as people took matters into their own hands

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3
Q

(A01)

What is consistency in social influence

A

The more consistent the argument the more it will be considered
The majority doesn’t understand the minority’s viewpoint
It creates internal conflict and anxiety
To reduce the minority’s anxiety the majority examines the minority’s argument

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4
Q

(A03)

What effect did Wood et al have on consistency in social influence

A

Conducted a meta analysis of 97 minority groups and influence
Whichever remained the most consistent had the most influence
However they can’t establish cause and effect as there could be another factor affecting influence

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5
Q

(A01)

What were the different variations of Milgram’s experiment

A 
Location
- from Yale University —> run down office block
- removes prestige, status and trust
- 65% to 48% 
Proximity 
- authoritative figure giving orders over the phone = 20%
- learner in the same room = 40%
Costume 
- removing the lab coat removes legitimacy = 20%
Situational variables
- hand on shock plate = 30% 
- learner isn’t seen or heard = 100%
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6
Q

(A01)

What were the reasons for conforming in Asch’s study

A

Distortion of perception
- participants perceived the line differently
Distortion of judgement
- feelings of doubt about their judgement
Distortion of action
- many trusted their judgement but changed their answer to avoid disapproval

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7
Q

(A01)

What is right winged authoritarianism in authoritarian personality

A

Altmeyer suggested there were 3 personality variables
Is a person scored high on the rwa they are more likely to over
3 personalities
- conventionalism = adhereance towards norms and values
- authoritarian submission = submissing to authoritarian personalities
- authoritarian aggression = an agressive feeling towards people who violate norms

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8
Q

(A01)

What was the aim for Zimbardo’s prison experiment

A

To assess how people conform to simulated prison life

In a role playing excersise

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9
Q

(A03)

What was the effect of cultural differences in obedience

A

Kilham and Mann (1974) replicated Milgram’s study in Australia
Where there is a tradition of challenging authority
Only 16% went to 450 volts
Mantell, replicated Milgram’s study in Germany
Where many people accept the authority
85% went to 450 volts

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10
Q

(A01)

What was the aim of Milgram’s experiment

A

Investigated how the situational context could lead to people inflicting harm on others

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11
Q

What is informative influence

A

People conform because they are uncertain about what to do in a certain situation
They look at others for guidance
Leads to internalisation

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12
Q

(A03)

What evidence did Blass and Schmitt provide for the agentic state

A

They showed people a video of Milgram’s study without them knowing what the experiment was about
They asked who was responsible for inflicting harm on the learner
They blamed the experimenter not the teacher

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13
Q

(A01)

What is legitimacy of authority

A

Social hierarchies are accepted in day to day life
We accept that some people can punish others
Destructive authority = abusing their power of authority

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14
Q

(A01)

What was the effect of the variation of Asch’s study when changing the unanimity of the group

A

Participants joined by another real participant or unaffected confederate
- conformity = 32% -> 5.5%
Dissenter gave a different incorrect answer
- conformity = 32% -> 9%
Asch concluded ; breaking the general agreement of the group is important in reducing conformity

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15
Q

(A01)

What is flexibility in social influence

A

The minority must show leeway
They can’t force their ideas as they are powerless
They negotiate though flexibility
Being too rigid = dogmatic
Being too flexible = inconsistent or weak
Some flexibility is better than none

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16
Q

(A03)

What was the effect of demand characteristics in Milgram’s experiment

A

The participants may have guessed the shocks weren’t real

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21
Q

(A03)

What is research support for resisting social influence

A

Replication of Asch’s study and found conformity decreased when one decametre even if they wore glasses or had bad eyesight
Despite glasses and bad sight not being the strongest support it still broker the majority
The pressure to conform is reduced by a role model giving confidence

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22
Q

(A03)

What were the strengths / weaknesses of Zimbardo’s experiment

A

Validity
- true representation if they knew it was an experiment
Demand characteristics
- if the participants saw the cameras or guessed the aim of the study it could influence their behaviour making the findings inaccurate : evidence of guessing the aim = people who didn’t know what the study was were asked what the aim was and answered correctly
Gender bias
- all male participants making the results generalisable

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23
Q

(A01)

What were the findings in Zimbardo’s experiment

A 
The study was meant to last 2 weeks but had to end after 6 days
Guards behaviours
- brutal and sadistic 
- tormenting : forced the prisoners to clean toilets and urniated on the prisoners
- willingly worked extra shifts 
Prisoners behaviour 
- taking the rules seriously 
- after submissivly 
- sided and were dependant on the guards 
Prisoners during/ post symptoms 
- emotional disorders
- crying
- screaming 
- depression 
- angry outbursts
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25
Q

What are the 2 reasons for conformity

A

Normative influence

Informative influence

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26
Q

(A03)

What is the weakness of ethics in Asch’s study

A

Deception
The participants didn’t know the real purpose of the study
May feel stupid or embarrassed after

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27
Q

(A03)

What were the real life applications of social influence

A

It can help understand how terrorism radicalises people to join
Consistency and persistence is evident through bombing and shooting
Also demonstrates how committed people are as they are sacrificing their lives and forcing people to take notice (suicide bombs)
However it may not always lead to change as terrorists may be seen as deviant due to their beliefs or the measures they take

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28
Q

(A01)

What are weaknesses for social change

A

Difficult process for the minority to change the majority
Influence may be seen as latent (potential for the future)
May be seen as deviant by the majority

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29
Q

(A01)

What was the effect of validity in Milgram’s experiment

A

Internal validity was high as the participant believed the shocks were real
External validity was high due to replications in real life
- 21/22 nurses obeyed a doctors order over the phone despite it being illegal

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31
Q

What are the 3 types of conformity

A

Compliance
Internalisation
Identification

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32
Q

What is normative influence

A

Instances where someone confirms to fit and gain approval or avoid disapproval
Leads to compliance

33
Q

(A03)

What is the supporting evidence for social change

A

Nolan investigated a community
Left messages on people’s doors for one week
2 types of messages
- 1. “More residents are trying to save energy”
- 2. “Save energy”
Significant decrease in energy usage from the group 1

34
Q

(A01)

What is locus of control

A

Rotter 1966
Measurements of a persons sense of control is rated on a scale of being internal or external
External = behaviour is caused by fate of luck
Internal = behaviour occurred by personal decisions and effort
Rotter = ‘Internals are more likely to resist social influence’

35
Q

(A03)

What evidence does the Mylai Massacre provide for obedience

A

Agentic state
- soldiers took orders from commanding officers
- however they raped girls which wasn’t an order
Legitimacy of authority
- the army is a structured of authority
- failure to obey leads to punishment

36
Q

(A03)

What is the effect of situational factors in authoritarian personality

A

All explanations were dispositional
Evidence suggests that situational factors are more important
E.g when milgram removes his lab coat, conformity went from 65% to 20%
Suggesting situational factors sway how obedient people are

37
Q

(A01)

What was the procedure for asch’s experiment

A

123 male American undergraduates (1956) were recruited for vision test
All but one were confederates in the study
Asked which line was the same length as the stimulus
The ‘real’ participants were always asked last or second to last
The confederates gave the same incorrect answer for 12 out of 18 trials

38
Q

(A03)

What is supporting evidence for authoritarian personality

A

Milgram’s participants were given a follow up questionnaire

Those who went to 450 volts scored high on F scale and reported negative information about their fathers

39
Q

(A01)

What was the effect of the variation of Asch’s study when changing the size of the majority

A 
Majority consisted of 1 or 2 
- conformity low
Majority consisted of 3
- conformity was at 13%
Majority consisted of 3+
-conformity increased at 30%
41
Q

(A01)

What was the affect of the variation in Asch’s study when changing the difficulty of the task

A

When the difference between the lines lengths were smaller and the answer was less obvious
- level of conformity increased

42
Q

(A01)

What are the stages of social change

A

Stage 1 : drawing attention to the issue which apposes the majority (suffragettes started as a peaceful protest)
Stage 2 : role of conflict, people deeply examine the majorities position (Rosa parks)
Stage 3 : minority expresses the view consistently and overtime it is taken seriously (imprisoned suffragette went on hunger strikes)
Stage 4 : augmentation principle, is there are risks associated they are taken more seriously (run over by horse)
Stage 5 : snowball effect starts as small insignificance and becomes the majority

43
Q

(A01)

What is commitment is social influence

A

It is difficult to dismiss the minority if they are committed
The 3 c’s
- certainty, confidence, courage
- allowed the minorities to be treated seriously

44
Q

What is internalisation

A

Individuals will make the groups beliefs their own

Only to be accepted into the group

44
Q

(A03)

What was the effect of the Rosenstrame protest in resisting social influence

A

Real life application
German women protested against gestapo for holding 2000 Jewish men captive
They threatened to open fire on the women but they stayed determined which led to the release of the men
The women disobeying, gave other the confidence to disobey

45
Q

(A01)

What is situational

A

An individual is faced with environmental factors

Something affects them

46
Q

(A03)

What supporting evidence did Twenge provide for resisting social influence

A

Analysed American obedience studies for the last 40 years
Found that overtime people because more resistant but external
Predicted that people would be more resistant but internal

47
Q

What is compliance

A

Going along with the group to gain approval or avoid disapproval
And individual will publicly agree but privately disagree

48
Q

What is minority influence

A

An individual/minorities influence on a large group

49
Q

(A03)

What was the negative effect of questionnaires in authoritarian personalities

A

Many individuals lie in questionnaires

  • social desirability
  • rush to finish
  • may not understand so answer the question incorrectly
50
Q

(A01)

What was the procedure for Zimbardo’s prison experiment

A

21 volunteered males
Play the role of prisoners and prison guards for a fortnight
Roles were selected randomly
The prisoners were = blindfolded and arrested in a police car
The rules for the guards were to use no violence
The uniform = prisoners wore a smock and the guard wore khaki uniform with whistles, cans cuffs and glasses

51
Q

(A03)

What evidence does the Jozefow massacre provide for obedience

A

German police murdered innocent civilians without any orders
They acted autonomously and given a choice
No agentic shift and the didn’t see themselves as agents of a higher authority

52
Q

(A01)

What is the agentic state

A

Milgram = ‘people operate on 2 levels’ : autonomous and agentic
Autonomous level
- behaving voluntarily
- aware of their actions
Agentic state
- people see themselves as agents of others
- they aren’t responsible for their actions
- mindlessly accept orders from someone responsible
People shift from one to another

54
Q

(A01)

What is the F scale in authoritarian personality

A

Made by Adorno, F standing for facist
The Californian F scale is a measure of authoritarian traits and tendencies
The higher the score the more authoritarian the personality
- also tended to have parents with authoritarian personalities

55
Q

(A03)

What were the negative ethical points in Milgram’s study

A

Participants were incorrectly informed about the study
Reports of psychological harm
- realisation of being capable of shocks and inflicting pain
- led to : emotional stress, stirrers, nervous laughter

55
Q

(A01)

What is social support in resisting social influence

A

The pressure to conform is less if people around you aren’t conforming
The other person acts as a model to copy, which frees one conscious
Supporting evidence
- Asch’s unanimity of the group = 32% to 5.5%
Social support breaks the unanimity and gives confidence to the rebels and empowers them to stand up to others

56
Q

(A03)

What was the strength of real world application in Asch’s study

A

Conformity in jury’s
- many jurors wouldn’t want to appear to have a different attitude/viewpoint to their fellow jurors
Tanford & Pedro 1986
- the decision of the first jurors vote determine the overall outcome at 95% of the time

57
Q

What is identification

A

Making the groups beliefs, attitudes and values the same

An individual will agree publicly and privately

57
Q

(A03)

What was the weakness of generalisability in Asch’s study

A

Gender bias all men
Education bias all undergrads
Hard to generalise the results
Small sample size

57
Q

(A01)

What is an authoritarian personality

A

Adhering to social rules and hierarchy’s

59
Q

(A01)

What were the findings/predictions for Milgram’s experiment

A

65% completed the experiment
100% went to 300v
Predictions: no one would complete it and that 2.2% went to 240 volts

60
Q

(A01)

What were the findings for Asch’s study

A

12 critical trials, 36.8% of answers were incorrect by the participants
1/4 of the participants didn’t conform
In the control trial, 1% of answers were incorrect

61
Q

(A03)

What was the weakness of validity in Asch’s study

A

Judging the length of lines is an insignificant task

Answering out loud means for pressure to not sound stupid

61
Q

(A03)

What effect did Nemeth have on flexibility in social influence

A

Groups of 3 participants and 1 confederate had to decide the level of compensation to give in a ski lift accident
When the confederate was consistent as the minority to lower the price
- it had no effect on the majority
When the confederate was flexible and compromising
- it influenced the majority to lower the price
Supporting that minorities need to be flexible

61
Q

(A01)

What is social change

A

Society adopts a new belief

And then becomes accepted as the norm

62
Q

What is majority influence

A

A groups influence on an individual/majority

62
Q

(A03)

What were the positive ethical points in Milgram’s experiment

A

debriefing was thorough and careful
in a follow up = 84.7% we’re glad and 74% felt they learned something
Opened societies eyes to obedience problems and how to reduce them

62
Q

(A01)

What is disposition

A

An individual is born with something

It is within them

63
Q

(A01)

What was the procedure for Milgram’s experiment

A

Participants told that the experiment was a test for science
40 males responding to an ad in controlled observation
3 roles : participants (shocker/teacher), confederate (shocked), experimenter
Learner = answered the questions
Teacher = sicked the learner when they answered wrong
Experimenter = watched over the experiment and encouraged to continue when participants hesitated
“Please continue” “experiment requires you to continue” “absolutely essential you go on” “you have no other choice”

63
Q

(A01)

What are the types of social norms

A 
Perceived norms
- what people believe the norm is
Actual norm
- what the actual percentage it
Misperception
- the gap between

Psychology (6 decks)

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