Attatchment Flashcards

Question

(A03) | What is the effect on the learning theory being based on animal studies

Answer 1

Pavlovs dogs and skinners rats Can’t generalise to human as were more advance and social and have different psychological makeup Invalidates the approach as animal studies aren’t a true representation of attachment in babies

Answer 2

Contact concord is more important than food Harlows monkeys spent more time with clothes mother Learning theory= food > comfort However monkeys aren’t generalisable to humans

Answer 3

Food may not be the only reinforcer enabling attachment ‘Infants may become distressed when mother responds quickly’ Schaffer and emmison Quality > food Several factors are important to form and attachment Bowlbys evolutionary theory ‘attachment to survive’

Answer 4

Test 9-18 month infants behaviour in different environments | Observed separation anxiety, joy on reunion, stranger anxiety, secure base concept

Answer 5

``` 9x9 ft room 8 episodes each 3 mins 1. P and I play 2. P watched I play 3. S enters and talks to P 4. P leaves 5. P returns and S leaves 6. P leaves I all alone 7. S returns 8. P returns S leaves ```

Answer 6

Secure = 66% Avoidant = 22% Resistant = 12% Separation anxiety: 1 (+) 2 (++) 3 (-) Stranger anxiety: 1 ( avoid stranger when alone, friendly when mother is there) 2 ( avoid/fear) 3 (normal) Joy on reunion: 1 (+) 2 (approaches mother but resists contact) 3 (little interest)

Answer 7

Attachment depends on sensitivity of caregiver Sensitive mother’s = generally secure Less responsive mother’s = insecure resistant Babies attachment affected by quality of care

Answer 8

Gain insight into difficult child rearing practices Can ljzendoorn and kroonenberg Meta analysis of 32 sss studies Compared attachments styles across cultures

Answer 9

More than 1 observed = rating between observers compared 0.95 - 1.00 agreement between raters More reliable results f

Answer 10

106 working class American babies Difficult to generalise Low population validity

Answer 11

May not only measure attachment style of infants Could measure quality of relationship Main and Weston - ‘behaviours differ depending on mum or dads behaviours’

Answer 12

Standardised procedure Other studies repeatable High replicabity high reliable results

Answer 13

Meta analysis of 32 sss studies, 2000 kids, 8 counties (most American) Aim to find if inter/intra cultural differences exist Found secure attachment is most common - seen as best as innate and biological Insecure accountant = 2nd except Israel and Japan USA - 18% resistant - 22% avoidant - 68% secure

Answer 14

High insecure resistant | German culture = interpersonal distance between parent and child

Answer 15

``` 60 middle class infants, similar rates of attachment No evident on insecure avoidant High secure = 68% 90% sss stopped due to distressed participants ```

Answer 16

Studies efe tribe in Africa Where infants were looked after and breastfed by others bus slept with their mother’s Despite child rearing difference - at 6 months the child’s mother was their primary attachment

Answer 17

According to Bowlby, attachment is inborn and natural Ljzendoorn and kroonenberg found cultural similarities - parenting idea spread through mass media Suggesting cultural similarities aren’t does to innate biological influences but global culture I’m

Answer 18

Countries have subculture therefore it is wrong to conclude attachment is dues to subcultures Urban Tokyo = similar attachment to western countries Rural Tokyo = insecure resistant First conclusion is an overrepresentation of countries attatchment

Answer 19

100 psychology normal children in long term hospital care Most became depressed within a few months If stayed in hospitalisation for less than 3 months then the recovered quickly and was reversible Length of separations is important in attachment

Answer 20

Holden in institutions scored poorly on intelligence tests Some children transferred institutions where more emotional care was available - they scored higher

Answer 21

``` ‘Young children should experience warm, innate continuous relationship with the mother were they both find satisfaction and enjoyment’ 3 strands - value of maternal care - critical period - long term consequences ```

Answer 22

44 children were caught stealing and 44 children didnt steal (control group) Suggested that thieves were emotionless psychopaths who lacked affection, shame or responsibility Found - affectionless thieves had early seperations from their mother - 86% of AT experiences frequent separation again 17.5% of control group Suggest early separation is linked to affectionless psychopathy

Answer 23

Previously assumed that good food and physical care is key for good care Bowlby = ‘isn’t enough what child is well fed and safe, they need warm, innate, and continuous relationship to ensure normal mental health

Answer 24

Only emotionally disturbed if 2.5 years + and no substitute mother available Damage is avoided if substitute mother provides emotional care

Answer 25

Ltc of deprivation = emotional maladjustment and poor mental health

Answer 26

In the past children’s who were in hospital care the parents were discourage or forbidden to visit This led to change in theirs mental health and emotions Now changed the way children are cared for in hospitals

Answer 27

Doesn’t show weather attachment broke or was never formed Decided on - privation = failure to form attachment - deprivation = formed but broke

Answer 28

Individual differences

Answer 29

Maternal deprivation had long term effects Studies women who had early separation from their mothers for a year Found 25% had depression / anxiety later on compared to 15% of the control group Supports long term effects and critical period

Answer 30

Place dedicated to a particular task | Eg : children waiting adoption, baring for mentally ill

Answer 31

165 roman orphans in the early 1990’s who spent their early lives in institutions 111/165 adopted before 2 years old 54/165 adopted before 4 years old Compared with 52 British children adopted at 6 months Tested at 4,6,11,15 years old to assess physical, cognitive and social development

Answer 32

At first : Romans lacked physical cognitive and social development and weighed less and were mentally retarted 4 years = some Romans’ equal to British who were adopted at 6 months Children adopted after 6 moths = disinhibited attatchment and problems with peer relationships Suggests lte are less severe of the child had the chance to form attachments

Answer 33

Studies growth and health in 36 roman orphaned by the age of 4 = physically smaller than the control group By the age of 10 they had the same physical health Suggest recovery is possible

Answer 34

136 roman orphans from 12-36 months 90% lived in institutions Assessed strange situation Institutionalised students showed signs of disinhibited attatchment

Answer 35

Quinton et al Compared 100 women where halved loved in institutions Ex institutionalised experienced difficulty as a parent

Answer 36

Lacked basic hygiene and had intellectual malfunction as lack of cognitive simulation and disinhibited attachment Finding can’t be applied to understanding of impact of better quality care

Answer 37

Hodges and Tizard 65 children in institutionalised before attatchment (4 months) Studied at 4,8,16 years and compared with control group of living at home The earlier attachment then less negative effects