Memory Flashcards

Question

(A03) | What are some real world applications on the working memory model

Answer 1

Listening to music whilst doing homework | Listening to the radio whilst watching tv

Answer 2

There is insufficient evidence that all of the components exist Reduced credibility for the working memory model

Answer 3

Procedural Declarative - semantic - episodic

Answer 4

A memory store for how you do things E.g : drive, walk, write, talk Recalled without conscious effort, automatic Allows individuals to focus on other tasks

Answer 5

Split into episodic and semantic Episodic - personal memories either autobiographical or experimental - made up of time, context and emotions - requires conscious effort Semantic -knowledge of facts, concepts and meanings -known by everyone -don’t remember time and place memory was formed

Answer 6

MRI’s show different parts of when the brain is used and when different types of memories are enabled Semantic = temporal lobe Procedural = cerebellum, basal ganglia Episodic = hippocampus

Answer 7

Removal of HM’s hippocampus = couldn’t for new ltm memories (episodic/semantic) Could form be procedural memories Support the different types of ltm memories

Answer 8

First to identify the interference effect Participants were given a list of nonsense syllables Then asked to look at paintings The remembered less if they were asked to look at the painting whilst recalling the nonsense syllables

Answer 9

When new information interferes with this old | Therefore we forget old information

Answer 10

When previously learned information interfaces with the new | Therefore we forget new information

Answer 11

``` Interference is stronger when items are similar Participants were given 10 adjectives Then given a list of either - a synonym word list - nonsense syllables - numbers Found correct recall - a = 12% - b = 26% - c = 37% ```

Answer 12

Suggested that individuals with greater working memory spans are less susceptible to proactive interference Gave 3 word lists to learn However it doesn’t consider individual differences suggesting there are other factories that affect why people forget

Answer 13

Most supporting studies derive from lab experiments Lacks ecological validity However variables are controlled making it easy to replicate and generalise

Answer 14

Everyday memories are mostly similar

Answer 15

Recalls and recognition of an advertiser message was impaired when exposed to 2 different adverts for competing brands in a week

Answer 16

The reason we forget is due to insufficient cues When we encode memories we store information that occurred around it If these cues aren’t present it is difficult to retrieve memories We haven’t forgotten the information, the cues help access the memory

Answer 17

Forgetting when we aren’t in the same emotional or internal state when we learnt the information No internal cues

Answer 18

Occurs because we aren’t in the same environment form when we learnt the information No external cues

Answer 19

Asked people to remember words on land or under water | Less likely to forget when environment is the same

Answer 20

Asked people to remember a list of words either drunk or sober Less likely to forget when emotional state is the same

Answer 21

``` Learning in a classroom and taking the exam in the hall More likely to forget in the exam hall then the class Can be repeated for generalised results ```

Answer 22

Asked people to recall information when on drugs or no surfs | When mismatch between internal state, recall was worse

Answer 23

Lacked ecological validity as tasks not done in day to day life

Answer 24

Retrieval failure = limited and only focuses on cues, not weather information is new or old

Answer 25

Aim = investigate effects into leading questions on accuracy of eye witness testimony 45 American students in 5 groups of 9 individuals Watched a video of a car crash and asked questions about the speed of the car However they manipulated the verbs - smash (40), collide (39), bump (38), hit (34), intact (31) Leading questions effect ewt

Answer 26

150 participants in 3 conditions - smash, hit and lost control Showed a car accident video with no glass shatters and asked the week after if the saw any glass when the car smashed, hit, lost control More people said yes when the car was smashed

Answer 27

College student who previously visited Disney land were asked to evaluate material about Disneyland The Info was imbedded with misleading information about bugs bunny (not Disney) and Ariel (too old for the participants childhood) Participants were asked if they met bugs bunny or Ariel in Disneyland The people with the misleading info answered yes The people with no misleading information answered no Misleading information changes memories

Answer 28

Foster et al set up a ‘real’ crime and asked to identify the criminal which most people identified correctly Yuille and Cutshall got 13 witnesses of a real life bank robbery and they gave accurate recall 4 months after the original statement Suggest real life gives accurate recall and important events strengthens memory

Answer 29

People can be more or less vulnerable to misleading information Older people have difficulty recalling making them more vulnerable

Answer 30

Automatic skills aren’t affected but performance based cognitive task are reduce by stress Johnson and Scott weapon focus effect - the weapon in a criminals hand distracts attention and reduces the accuracy of identification - procedure = people in a waiting room and hear an argument - one group the man had a pen and the other group the man had a knife As people were focused on the knife they had less accurate recall than the pen group

Answer 31

High anxiety gives more accurate and enduring memories They remember so if in a similar situation they know how to respond Christianson and hubinette - question 58 real witnesses of a sweden bank robbery 15 months after of people who were either victims or bystanders The victims who experience more higher anxiety recalled better than the bystanders However people mostly remembered well

Answer 32

Christianson and Hubinette was a real study form a real crime Deffenbacher reviewed 34 lab studies and found that the lab studies show that high anxiety had bad recall and real life events had less accurate recall than lab studies

Answer 33

Pickel et al found reduced accuracy of identification because weapon focus effect could be because of surprise not anxiety Procedure : participant watch a thief enter a hair dressing salon Scissors - less accurate Handgun - more accurate Raw whole chicken - more accurate

Answer 34

Halford and Milne | Victims of violent crimes recalled more correctly than none violent crimes

Answer 35

Recalling a small insignificant detail may cue memories of an important item Little pieces of memories from many witness can help piece together and built a complete version

Answer 36

Witness recall emotions felt during the event and place themselves back at the scene of the crime Memory become more accessible and act as emotional and context cues

Answer 37

Recalling the events backward help focus on actual event not pre existing ideas about the situation or location

Answer 38

Anderson and pichert got participants to recall the scene from the perspective of a house buyer of burglar Details of the event varied depending on the character

Answer 39

Fisher et al found that witnesses reported in greater detail of witnesses when American detectives trained with the cognitive interview However this can’t be generalised to other countries

Answer 40

Koenken et al found that witnesses recalled more incorrectly than in a standard interview As the cognitive interview requires more detail and increases the chance for mistakes

Answer 41

Cost of training Time of training Sift through unnecessary details Quality of training