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Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Moscovici et al’s experiment procedure?

A

4 naïve participants and 2 confederates
Shown a series of blue slides that varied only in intensity
Asked to judge the colour of the slide shown
Inconsistent and consistent conditions

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2
Q

For a minority group to win, what three things must they show?

A

Consistency, commitment and flexibility

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3
Q

What were the findings of Moscovici et al’s study?

A

In the inconsistent condition, the minority exerted very little influence and did not differ significantly from the control group.
In the consistent condition, participants called green over 8% of the trials.

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of conformity?

A

Compliance, Internalisation and Identification

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5
Q

What is Compliance?

A

Where individuals go along with a group in order to gain the majority’s approval or avoid their disapproval. They agree publicly but not privately.

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6
Q

What is internalisation?

A

Individuals go along with the group because of an acceptance of their views. They examine their own beliefs, and this can lead to acceptance of the groups point of view both publicly and privately.

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7
Q

What is identification?

A

An individual will accept influence because they want to be associated with another person or group. Has elements of both compliance and identification. Accepting terms as right/true to fit in.

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8
Q

Name 2 explanations for conformity

A

Normative social influence and informational social influence.

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9
Q

What is Normative Social Influence?

A

NSI is where a person will go along with the majority without really accepting their point of view. Similar to compliance. Going along to avoid rejection.

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10
Q

What is Informational Social Influence?

A

ISI is when an individual accepts information from others as evidence about reality. ISI is more likely if the situation is ambiguous.

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11
Q

What was the procedure of Asch’s experiment?

A

123 male undergraduates tested. Asked to judge the length of a ‘standard line’ against three ‘comparison lines’. The real participant was always answering second to last.

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12
Q

What were the findings of Asch’s study?

A

The average conformity rate was 33%.

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13
Q

Name 3 variables affecting conformity

A

Group size, unanimity of the majority and difficulty of the task.

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14
Q

Who conducted the ‘Stanford Prison Experiment’?

A

Zimbardo

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15
Q

What was Zimbardo’s procedure in the SPE?

A

A mock prison set up in the basement of the psychology dept. 24 mentally stable male student volunteers randomly assigned prisoner or guard, given uniform. Planned to last 2 weeks.

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16
Q

What were the findings of Zimbardo’s research?

A

Guards became increasingly abusive towards prisoners. Prisoners became passive. Participants appeared at times to forget that this was only a psychological study. 5 prisoners were released early due to extreme reactions. The study was stopped after 6 days.

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17
Q

What are the problems with Zimbardo’s research?

A

ETHICS! Demand characteristics, lack of population validity.

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18
Q

What real life application supports Zimbardo’s research?

A

Abu Ghraib.
Military personnel abused prisoners of war, most likely due to lack of training. Results were similar to that of the SPE.

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19
Q

Give examples of situational factors in obedience

A

Proximity, Location, Uniform

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20
Q

What is the procedure of Milgram’s study?

A

40 participants involved. One participant was the ‘teacher’ and a confederate was the ‘learner’. Introduced to each other. Told it was an experiment about learning.
Teacher told to administer shocks to the learner. Experimenter had a series of ‘prods’ (phrases) to repeat to encourage the participant to continue.

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21
Q

What were the findings of Milgram’s study?

A

65% of participants gave shocks to the full 450 volts.

All participants have 300 volt shocks.

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22
Q

In Milgram’s proximity study, how was the rate of obedience effected?

A

Obedience levels fell 40% as the teacher now had to experience the learners anguish more directly.

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23
Q

In Milgram’s location study, what happened to the rate of conformity?

A

Location changed to a run down office, where obedience fell to 48% of participants giving the maximum voltage.

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24
Q

What are the problems associated with Milgram’s study?

A

Ethics- psychological harm, lack of informed consent, the right to withdraw was not allowed.
Internal validity - lack of realism.
Demand characteristics- may have realised it is fake, some people laughing etc.

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25
Q

What explanation can be used to suggest why guards in the SPE and teachers in Milgram’s study continued to knowingly harm others?

A

Buffers. The participant believes they will not be held responsible for any injury to the others as the responsibility is passed on to a higher authority, or the person giving the orders.

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26
Q

Define the ‘agentic state’

A

A person sees himself or herself as an agent for carrying out another persons wishes.

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27
Q

How may self image affect agentic state?

A

If a person has a positive self image, they may not wish to do something to damage this. However in the agentic state, their actions are not seen to reflect their own self image. Actions performed, from the participants perspective, are virtually guilt-free.

28
Q

What is the first condition needed for a person to shift to the agentic state?

A

A perception of a legitimate authority. Someone who is perceived to be in a position of social control.

29
Q

Define the autonomous state

A

Taking control of your behaviour and feeling responsibilities for your actions.

30
Q

What explanation did Milgram believe best explained his findings?

A

Agentic State

31
Q

Other than Agentic State, what did Milgram believe may have explained the behaviour of his participants?

A

Signs of cruelty. The situation was used to express their sadistic impulses.

32
Q

Define ‘legitimate authority’.

A

A person who is perceived to be in a position of social control within a situation.

33
Q

Define the ‘Authoritarian Personality’

A

A distinct personality pattern characterised by a strict adherence to conventional values and a belief in absolute obedience or submission to authority.

34
Q

What is the ‘F’ Scale?

A

Fascism scale developed in California in 1947 and used as a measure of authoritarian traits or tendencies.

35
Q

What is Right-Wing Authoritarianism?

A

A cluster of personality variables that are associated with a right wing attitude to life.

36
Q

Who used the California F scale?

A

Adorno et al

37
Q

Explain in detail what the F-Scale is.

A

Contains fascist statements. Agreeing with such items was indicative of an Authoritarian Personality. People must rate to what extent they agree with each statement on a 1-6 scale. Those who scored higher were more authoritarian.

38
Q

Who developed the Right-Wing authoritarianism concept?

A

Robert Altemeyer (1981)

39
Q

What are the characteristics that make up Right-Wing Authoritsrianism?

A

Conventionalise
Authoritarian aggression
Authoritarian Submission

40
Q

What is the procedure from Elms and Milgram’s study?

A

Carried out a follow-up study using participants who had previously taken part in one of Milgram’s experiments. Selected 20 ‘obedient’ participants (who continued to 450V) and 20 ‘defiant’ (who refused to continue). Each completed F-Scale and asked a series of open questions about childhood and attitudes to the study they had taken part in.

41
Q

What were the findings of Elms and Milgram’s study?

A

Found higher levels of authoritarianism among those participants classified as obedient, compared to defiant. Obedient reported they were less close to their fathers during childhood and saw authority figure in the study as more admirable.

42
Q

How did Milgram suggest social context may be more important than authoritarian personality?

A

He showed that the variations in social context of the study (proximity, location, presence of disobedient peers) were the primary cause of differences in participants levels of obedience, not variations in personality.

43
Q

What levels of obedience are associated with Left-Wing views?

A

Low levels of obedience.

44
Q

What 2 things may determine a persons resistance to social influence?

A

Social Support and Locus of Control.

45
Q

What is social support?

A

The perception that an individual has assistance available from other people, and that they are part of a support network.

46
Q

What is graduated commitment?

A

A method of starting with a small request and gradually increasing what is asked

47
Q

Which explanation of obedience can be used to explain why participants in Milgram’s study continued to administer shocks?

A

They committed in small steps (graduated commitment)
There was a legitimate authority figure
The role of buffers was used

48
Q

What are the 6 explanations for obedience?

A 
Legitimate authority
Agentic State
Disposition
Social Roles
Buffers
Gradual Commitment
49
Q

Hoffling et al’s study supported Milgram’s study. What did they do?

A

‘Dr Smith’ rang a hospital and asked nurses to administer an unknown drug to a patient. 21 out of 22 followed orders against hospital regulations.

50
Q

Rank and Jacobson’s study challenges Milgram’s findings. What did they do?

A

A repeat of Hoffling et al’s study- rang nurses with a known doctor and asked them to administer a known drug. 2 out of 18 obeyed against hospital regulations.

51
Q

What was the procedure of Adorno et al’s study?

A

Conducted an experiment on Nazi soldiers, testing them using the F-Scale to see if it takes a certain type of personality to become a nazi.

52
Q

What were the findings of Adorno et al’s study?

A

Discovered the ‘Authoritarian Personality’ and a correlation between how authoritarian a person was and the quality of their upbringing.
People who rated higher in authoritarianism also rated higher in obedience.

53
Q

Which studies used Gradual Commitment?

A

Milgram’s shock study.

54
Q

Which studies experimented by changing the size of the majority?

A

Asch (1 or 2 made no difference. 3- people went along)

55
Q

Which studies used buffers?

A

Zimbardo’s SPE and Milgram’s shock study.

56
Q

Which studies had the perception of legitimate authority?

A

Zimbardo and Milgram’s studies- both with people in uniform.

57
Q

Name 4 dispositional factors of obedience

A

Locus of control
Gender
Moral Development
Personality

58
Q

What are the two different types of Locus Of Control?

A

Internal and External

59
Q

What are the characteristics of someone with an Internal Locus Of Control?

A

High level of personal control over their lives and behaviour. Take personal responsibility for it.

60
Q

What are the characteristics of someone with an External Locus Of Control?

A

The belief that life is determined by external factors such as luck. A bad situation may be due to being in the wrong place at the wrong time.

61
Q

What is resistance to social influence?

A

The ability for people to withstand the social pressure to conform to the majority of obey the authority.

62
Q

Define Locus Of Control

A

Can be either internal or external. The sense we have about what directs events in our lives. Whether we are in control (internal) or it is a matter of luck (external).

63
Q

Why may social support help people to resist conformity?

A

The pressure o conform can be reduced if there are other people present who are not conforming.

64
Q

What did Asch show about social support?

A

The person not conforming doesn’t necessarily have to be giving the right answer, but simply the fact that someone else is not following the majority appears to enable a person to be free to follow their own conscience.

65
Q

What are situational factors? (Definition, not examples)

A

Factors relating to the situation a person is in.

66
Q

What are dispositional factors? (Definition not examples).

A

Factors relating to the individual themselves.

67
Q

What is moral development?

A

A dispositional factor. The extent to which individuals take in to accounts moral values, the impact of their decisions and actions on others and on society as a whole. The higher the moral development, the more likely an individual is to act independently.

Psychology (10 decks)

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