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Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

When is the ‘critical period’ as suggested by Bowlby?

A

When an infant is aged between 7/8 months and 2/3 years

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2
Q

What is the definition of an infant?

A

A child without speech

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3
Q

Define ‘attachment’.

A

An emotional tie or bond between two people shown in their behaviour.

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4
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

When you respond to an action with another similar action. This interaction goes back and forth (taking turns).

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5
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

When two people interact and mirror one another. This can include emotions as well as behaviours.

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6
Q

Why is sensitivity key in attachment?

A

If one person is sensitive to an others needs, it shows they care.

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7
Q

What is ‘monotropy’ as explained by Bowlby?

A

The single special relationship or attachment between the caregiver (usually the mother) and their infant.

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8
Q

What are examples of social releasers?

A

Crying, smiling and facial features

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9
Q

Why are social releasers used?

A

To increase an infants chances of receiving care.

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10
Q

Name 2 researchers of reciprocity

A

Tronick et al and Jaffe et al

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11
Q

What did Tronick et al do to study reciprocity?

A

Asked mothers to keep a neutral expression on their face whilst interacting with their babies, to study their response.

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12
Q

What did Tronick et al find as a result of their study of reciprocity?

A

Babies expect their mothers to reciprocate, and can become puzzled and sometimes distressed when they don’t.

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13
Q

What conclusion did Tronick et al draw from their study of reciprocity?

A

Reciprocity appears to be an innate characteristic.

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14
Q

What did Jaffe et al find as a result of their study of reciprocity?

A

Babies move in a rhythm when interacting with adults, as if they were taking turns.

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15
Q

Name 1 researcher of interactional synchrony

A

Meltzoff and Moore

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16
Q

What did Meltzoff and Moore do to study interactional synchrony?

A

Chose 4 different actions for an adult to perform in front of a baby to see if they would mirror these actions.

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17
Q

What did Meltzoff and Moore find as a result of their study in to interactional synchrony?

A

When the adult performed actions, the infant mirrored the adults behaviour.

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18
Q

What is ethology?

A

Animal research

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19
Q

Name two animal studies which Bowlby used to help base his theory of attachment upon

A

Lorenz (Goslings) and Harlow (Monkeys)

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20
Q

What did Lorenz set out to prove with his research?

A

That attachment is evolutionary and not learned

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21
Q

What did Lorenz’s research prove?

A

That imprinting in goslings is innate, and essential for their survival.

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22
Q

How did Harlow’s research back up Bowlby’s ‘continuity hypothesis’?

A

Due to their lack of attachment in infancy, the monkeys could not form attachments with other monkeys later in life.

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23
Q

How does Harlow’s research back up Bowlby’s ‘internal working model’ idea?

A

The monkey’s caregiver didn’t reciprocate, as it was inanimate, meaning the monkeys developed a faulty internal working model and couldn’t form attachments later in life.

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24
Q

Why could Harlow’s monkeys not form attachments with other monkeys in their later life?

A

They had insecure attachments during infancy so developed faulty internal working models.

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25
When distressed, Harlow's monkeys would run to a warm, soft figure rather than one containing food. What conclusions can be drawn from this?
The monkeys need a sensitive relationship in order to feel safe.
26
Schaffer and Emmerson's research supported Bowlby's theory of attachment. What did they find?
Primary attachments are not always formed with the person who spends the most time with a child
27
What did Schaffer and Emmerson conclude from their research in attachment?
It is the quality of a relationship, not the quantity that matters.
28
How did Schaffer and Emmerson's research support Bowlbys idea of monotropy?
They discovered that fathers are less likely to be a child's primary care giver- supporting Bowlby's idea of the mother most likely being the child's primary attachment figure.
29
How does Rutter et al's research challenge Bowlby's theory of attachment?
Suggests the critical period is just 'sensitive', and without sensitive care in the critical period Romanian Orphans were still able to catch up with regular children in terms of mental performance.
30
What are the 4 main points of Bowlby's attachment theory?
Monotropy, Critical Period, Internal Working Model, Continuity Hypothesis.
31
What did Hazan and Shaver do for their research in to attachment?
Placed a 'love quiz' in a small towns newspaper asking questions about attachment experiences in order to identify childhood attachment types, and questions on attitudes towards love in order to assess the internal working model. They received 620 responses.
32
What did Hazan and Shaver find as a result of their 'love quiz'?
If you have a secure attachment when you're younger you're more likely to have a secure attachment when you're older.
33
Why may Hazan and Shaver's love quiz study not be very valid?
It used retrospective data, which may be distorted. | Only volunteers responded to the quiz, meaning the sample was not representative of the general population.
34
What research did Zimmerman et al carry out?
A longitudinal study assessing children over 16 years to study their development.
35
What did Zimmerman et al find?
Serious life events (such as the death of a child's PCG) may upset what happened in the critical period.
36
Define deprivation (in terms of attachment).
The loss of an attachment. | i.e- an attachment has been formed but has been lost.
37
When may physical deprivation (attachment) occur?
If a caregiver is not physically present to provide physical or emotional care for an infant.
38
When may emotional deprivation (attachment) occur?
If an infants primary care giver is depressed. Although they may be physically present and provide an infant with physical care, their mental state means they are unable to provide sensitive emotional care, causing the infant to be emotionally deprived.
39
Does Rutter et al's research support or challenge Bowlby?
Challenge
40
How does Rutter et al's research challenge Bowlby's theory of attachment? (2 examples)
Suggests children can still perform well mentally and socially, even if they receive no sensitive care during the critical period.
41
Does Koluchova's research support or challenge Bowlby?
Supports and challenges
42
How does Koluchova's research support Bowlby's theory of attachment?
Children who had no sensitive care during the critical period struggled mentally and socially.
43
How does Koluchova's research challenge Bowlby's theory of attachment?
In adulthood, children who had no sensitive care during the sensitive period were able to form attachments and get married.
44
Does Radke-Yarrow et al's research support or challenge Bowlby?
Support
45
How does Radke-Yarrow et al's research support Bowlby's theory of attachment?
Supports the theory of the need for sensitive emotional care from the mother. (Mothers mental instability may emotionally deprive the child).
46
Which has worse effects: deprivation or privation?
Privation
47
Define privation
Privation is when a relationship has never been formed, unlike deprivation in which a relationship has been formed then lost.
48
Who did Curtiss study?
Genie- effects of privation
49
In terms of privation, what did Genie suffer from?
Prolonged, sustained privation
50
As a result of privation, what were the effects on Genie?
``` Found to be mentally handicapped Physically impaired Lack of speech No social skills (stuggled interacting with people) Struggled to form attachments ```
51
What did Curtiss' research on Genie show?
That the effects of privation are far worse than those of depivation
52
What did Harlow study?
Monkeys- effects of privation
53
Why were Harlow's monkeys classed as privated?
They had no emotional care or attachment with a care giver as well as poor physical care throughout their early lives.
54
What were the effects of privation on Harlow's monkeys?
Unable to form attachments with others in later life | Those who became parents became bad parents
55
Who did Koluchova study?
Two Czech boys (twins)- effects of privation
56
How do Koluchva's Czech twins differ from Curtiss' Genie and Harlow's monkeys in their effects of privation?
Koluchova's Czech twins were able to form relationships and get married in later life.
57
Why may Koluchova's Czech twins not have been truly suffering from privation?
They were not alone, and had each other.
58
Define 'institution'
A building which is used to care for people, sucj as an orphanage, and provides 24/7 care.
59
What did Rutter et al study?
Romanian orphans- effects of institutionalisation.
60
What kind of study did Rutter et al carry out?
A longitudinal study (11 years long).
61
How Rutter et al test the orphans?
Through using semi-structured interviews and observations of the children in their home and school environments.
62
What did Rutter et al test the orphans for?
Physical and cognitive development.
63
How did Rutter et al assess the results of the orphans development?
They compared the Romanian orphans against results from a British control group (consisting of 52 British orphans).
64
What is an issue of using interviews and observations in a study?
They are time consuming and expensive.
65
What is a good reason for using interviews and observations in a study?
They provide a data-rich environment for psychologists to use.
66
What is an issue of using a longitudinal study?
They may result in participant attrition.
67
Define a semi-structured interview.
An interview with planned questions, where unplanned questions may also be asked.
68
Define a structured interview.
Ann interview with set questions in which no deviation may occur.
69
Define a control group.
A group used to compare data against.
70
What is a data-rich environment?
An environment in which a psychologist is surrounded by a lot of information often experienced in observational studies.
71
What is participant attrition?
In a longitudinal study participants may decide to drop out after a certain amount of time.
72
What kind of experiment in Ainsworth's Strange Situation?
Lab experiment.
73
How many children were tested overall in Ainsworth's study?
106
74
What 4 things was Ainsworth's study testing?
Separation anxiety, Stranger anxiety, Exploratory behaviour and Reunion behaviour in infants.
75
Is Ainsworth's study easily repeatable?
Yes
76
Is Ainsworth's study reliable?
Yes
77
Is Ainsworth's study valid?
No
78
How do observers measure separation anxiety in Ainsworth's SSC?
See how the baby responds when the mother leaves: Do they cry Are they easily soothed
79
How do observers measure reunion behaviour in Ainsworth's SSC?
See if the baby missed the mother: Do they seek contact Do they hug/touch their mother Can the mother settle the child
80
How do observers measure stranger anxiety in Ainsworth's SSC?
Do they use the mother as a secure base?
81
How do observers measure exploration behaviour in Ainsworth's SSC?
Do they explore | Are they independent/ confident when their mother is present
82
What is the full name for attachment type A?
Insecure-Avoidant
83
What is the full name for attachment type B?
Secure
84
What is the full name for attachment type C?
Insecure-Resistant
85
What is the full name for proposed attachment type D?
Insecure-Disorganised/Disinhibited
86
What characteristics do securely attached children express?
Trust Happiness Enthusiasm
87
What characteristics do insecurely-avoidant children express?
Not good with relationships | Struggle to form relationships
88
What characteristics do insecurely-resistant children express?
Anxious Extremely clingy or resistant High stranger anxiety Inconsistent behaviour
89
What characteristics do insecurely-disorganised children express?
Mixed attachment types
90
Name a study in to cultural variations of attachment
Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
91
What was the procedure of Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?
Meta-analysis of 32 studies in 8 countries | Studies of attachment behaviour were reviewed, including 2,000 SSC tapes.
92
What countries were included in Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis?
``` UK US China Japan Germany Israel Sweden Netherlands ```
93
Which country has the highest levels of secure attachments according to Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis?
The United Kingdom
94
Which country has the highest levels of insecure-avoidant attachments according to Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis?
Germany
95
Which country has the highest levels of insecure-resistant attachments according to Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis?
Japan
96
What were the findings of Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis?
Secure attachments are the most common Variations occur in insecure attachments Intra-cultural variation is 1.5 times more than inter-cultural variation.
97
What may be deduced about attachments from Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?
Secure attachments are innate
98
Why may intra-cultural variations be larger than inter-cultural variations?
Poorer regions of countries have less access to media which may influence behaviour in parenting methods, causing different countries to be similar in attachment types where media has the most influence.
99
Why may Germany and Japan be so different in terms of attachment types?
They have different cultures: Germany has an individualistic culture Japan has a collectivist culture
100
What is an 'individualistic' culture?
A country who's culture means people rely on independence and therefore value this trait in children.
101
What is a 'collectivist' culture?
A country who's culture means people rely on one another. Typically categorised by a high degree of inter-dependence.
102
Name examples of individualistic countries included in Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis.
Germany US UK Netherlands
103
Name examples of collectivist countries included in Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis.
Japan Israel China
104
Why may German children be categorised as insecure-avoidant the most of any other country?
The German culture values independence, meaning children rely less on their mothers when exploring new situations. This means they will be categorised as insecurely attached when in fact they just have different expectations of them.
105
Why may Japanese children be categorised as insecure-resistant the most of any other country?
The Japanese culture expects children to rely heavily on their parents, meaning they may not wish to leave their mothers side to explore new situations. This means they will be categorised as insecurely attached when in fact they just have a different cultural expectation.

Psychology (10 decks)

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