Social Influence Flashcards
1
Q
What is compliance?
A
It involves changing your behaviour at the request of another person.
It does not rely on a power differential.
2
Q
What is obedience?
A
It is a form of social influence that involves performing an action under the orders of an authority figure.
It requires a direct request from an authority figure.
There is a punishment and a consequence.
3
Q
What is conformity?
A
Altering your attitudes and behaviour to go along with the rest of the group.
Influence of authority is indirect.
If this does not happen the individual may be ignored or marginalised.
4
Q
What three factors impact obedience?
A
Proximately
Prestige
Deindividuation
5
Q
Describe the impact of proximity on obedience…
A
It is easier to resist the orders from an authority figure if they are not too close by.
6
Q
Describe the impact of prestige on obedience…
A
Higher levels of perceived prestige are associated with increased obedience.
7
Q
Describe the impact of deindividuation on obedience…
A
Losing your individuality, your ability to think and make decisions for yourself - going along with group behaviour.
8
Q
What type of designs have been used to study obedience?
A
Experimental designs, they ensure the experimenter is able to manipulate an the independent variable and observe the changes in the dependent variable, clearly testing the cause and effect.
9
Q
What are the advantages of an experimental design?
A
- Demonstrates causal relationships.
- Can be replicated/repeated to see if the same findings emerge.
- Maximises control over relevant variables.
10
Q
What are the disadvantages to experimental designs?
A
- Generalisability outside the laboratory.
- Some complex phenomena cannot be readily tested using pure experimental methods.
- Ethical issues present challenges for testing some naturally occurring phenomena
11
Q
Describe Milgram’s experiment…
A
Conducted at yale, the results shocked the researchers and general public.
There was a student, teacher and examiner. The examiner had a script asking the student questions and if they got it wrong the teacher was directly instructed to shock them. Increasing the voltage as time went on. However, the teacher did not know that the student was an actor who was not being shocked. And the teachers were experimented on, to see how far they would go knowing they are injuring another person, possibly killing them.
12
Q
What were the results of Milgram’s Experiment?
A
- 65% of participants continued to the highest level of 450 volts.
- All participants continued to 300 volts.
- Prior to the experiment, psychology students, psychiatrist and colleagues were asked to predicts obedience levels - consensus was that most people would not obey and only shock to 150 volts.
- Milgram’s concluded that people have a tendency to obey orders, even if it goes against their morals.
- Situational factors rather than dispositional factors influence the ability for someone to make independent decisions when they find themselves in a subordinate position.
13
Q
What are the ethical issues with Milgram’s research?
A
- Psychological harm and distress: participants were placed under significant emotional strain, causing psychological damage. Several participants had marks on their hands from digging their nails in, other were visibly sweating and trembling. Three participant had seizures.
- Right to without: Milgram’s informed participants they could withdraw at the starts, but then advised them differently whilst they were completing the experiment.
- Deception: Milgram’s stated the aim of the study was regarding the role of punishment and learning, rather than Obedience to authority. Participants were made to believe they were administering electric shocks.
14
Q
Describe Stanford’s Prison Experiment…
A
- Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment showed how powerful the demands of roles and the situations can be on individual behaviour.
- 22 male Stanford University student volunteers played the roles of prisoners and guards in the simulated prison.
- Students designated as prisoners were arrested at their homes and searched, handcuffed, fingerprinted and booked at a police station.
- These students were blindfolded, driven to a simulated prison where they were stripped, sprayed with deodorant spray and told to stand naked and alone in a cell with two other prisoners.
- The guards were free to devise their own rules - the only prohibition was against physical punishment.
- The experiment was meant to last two weeks, however it only lasted six days.
- The study was a powerful demonstration of the way roles structure people’s behaviour and ultimately their emotions, attitudes and even their identities.
15
Q
What were the results of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
A
- Deindividuation quickly occurred with both the guards and the prisoners.
- The participants lost their sense of self, alongside the reality that they were in fact participants in a psychological experiment.
- After six days of emotional distress, the experiment came to an end when a PhD student raised concerns about the ethical nature of the study. Zimbardo wanted the study to continue.
- Situational factors, rather than dispositional factors, play a significant roles in the behaviours exhibited at any given time particularly where strong stereotypes exist.
Zimbardo later noted ‘…much later I realised how far into my prison role I was at the point - I was thinking like a prison superintendent rather than a research psychologist’.
16
Q
What are the ethical considerations with Standford prison experiment?
A
- Lack of fully informed consent
- Abuse of participants, psychologically, physically and emotionally.
- Lack of appropriate debriefings.
17
Q
What are the two things that conformity is influenced by?
A
- The opinions, judgements or actions of other people
- The normative standards of a social group or situation.
18
Q
Why do psychologists deem conformity as a powerful force?
A
- People wish to stand out, but only in a good or desirable manner. We want to be recognised for our achievements, unique qualities but now if we are wearing clothing that has gone out of style or are ignorant of the latest cultural trends.
- People want to be seen as individuals, but not in way that would make use seem weird or different to others - this fuels the drive to conform as we desire to fit in.
- Conformity is found to be higher in collectivist than individualistic cultures.
19
Q
What are the three reasons an individual conforms?
A
- Normative social influence
- Informational social influence
- Individual differences impact conformity
20
Q
What is normative social influence and conformity?
A
It is when a person conforms to be accepted or belong to a group.
Normative is changing yourself to fit in with the group of choice.
There are two types of this - compliance and identification.
Compliance - when people change their public behaviour but not their private beliefs.
Identification - when people change their public behaviour and their private beliefs.
This is usually is a short-term solution which is because of the desire to fit in.
Compliance can lead to identification.
21
Q
What is Informational social influence and conformity?
A
When a person conforms to gain knowledge, or because they believe that someone else is ‘right’.
The person changes their public behaviour and their private beliefs on a semi-permanent.
22
Q
What is individual differences and how does it impact conformity?
A
Ambiguity and unanimity are powerful contributors to the incidence of conformity, they are not the sole indicators.
Personal characteristics and the individual position/familiarity within a group also play a role.
Personality and cultural factors also influence the likelihood that people will conform to the social norms around them.
23
Q
What is compliance?
A
When an individual publicly changes their behaviour to be more like the majority, but do not privately change our minds about what we believe or how we would like to act.
24
Q
What is identification?
A
When an take on the views of an individual or group we admire.
It is where a person changes their public behaviour and private beliefs but only while they are in the presence of the group.
25
What is internalisation?
Where a person changes their public behaviour to match those of the group.
Other people have convinced us their beliefs are right, so our behaviour adjusts accordingly to match those beliefs. This is long term.
26
What is an observational design?
It is useful to use observational research designs when obvious groups or pre-existing samples are available.
Useful when it is unethical to deliberately expose a group of people to a particular independent variable.
Researchers can conclude there is a correlation between two variables.
27
What are the advantages of observational designs?
Can explore topics which are too unethical, costly, impractical or impossible to experiment.
Can test in a natural environment.
28
What are the disadvantages of an observational design?
Lack of control in planning leads to an inability to create constant variable.
Limited ability to explore causation and confidently conclude that a change in the IV caused a change in the DV.
29
What are the five types of observational designs?
Naturalistic Observation
Correlation studies
Longitudinal Design
Cross-Sectional Studies
Sequential Design
30
What is a naturalistic observation?
Involves observing and recording variables of interest in a natural setting, without interference or manipulation.
Does not allow researchers to control or influence the variables in any way.
Data may not be reliable or free from bias.
Does not ask participants for consent, possibly uses deception.
31
What is a correlation study?
It is an observational study which can demonstrate a relationship between variables, but it cannot prove that changes one variable will change another.
32
What is an longitudinal design?
An observational design which research is repeated with the same people over the course of several years.
33
What is a cross-sectional study?
Can be used to research a wide range of age groups, with data being collected at a single point in time.
34
What is a sequential design?
An observational design including elements of longitudinal and cross-sectional design.
35
What is an ethnocentric bias?
A form of bias wherein individuals believe that their own culture, with all its values, practices, and beliefs, is superior to all other human cultures. The tendency to judge one's group as superior to other groups.
36
What group is mostly subjected to ethnocentric bias and why?
Minority community groups with social, religious, ethic, racial or other characteristics which differ from those of the majority of the population.
37
What is attitude?
It refers to a set of emotions, beliefs and behaviour towards a particular object, person, issue or event.
A relatively enduring and general evaluation of an object, person, group issue or concept on a dimension ranging from negative to positive.
Assumed to be derived from specific beliefs, emotions and past behaviours associated with those objects.
38
What is persuasion?
An attitude can be influenced by a source of persuasion.
It is the art of convincing others to change their attitudes or behaviour.
It is an active attempt by one person to change another person's attitudes, beliefs or emotions associated with some issue, person, concept or object.
Emotion is what makes this different to conformity and obedience.
All three AB and C need to alight to have an attitude.
39
What does the A of attitude stand for?
The affective component. The emotional reactions or feelings a person had towards something - thic can be an object, person, event or issue. This attitude can be positive or negative.
40
What does the B stand of attitude stand for?
The behavioural component. It refers to the actions or behaviours that we do in response to this same object person, event or issue.
41
What does the C stand of attitude stand for?
The cognition component.
Refers to the thoughts or beliefs we have about the topic.
Our beliefs are linked to what we have learned about the world we live in and are shaped by our experiences, people we meet along the way.
An underlying assumption about the link between attitudes and behaviour is that of consistency.
We often or usually, expect the behaviour of a person to be consistent with the attitudes they hold.
42
What are the three main approaches to persuasion?
Yale
Elaboration
Experience
43
What are the three factors of the YALE persuasion model?
The source, the message and the audience.
44
Describe source as a factor of persuasion within the YALE technique.
The source - the person who conveys the message.
It is more favourably we view the source, the more likely we are to view the message favourably.
This is determined by the credibility, trustworthiness, expertise, attractiveness and likeability
Talking quickly increases your trustworthiness.
45
Describe message as a factor of persuasion within the YALE technique.
Need to evoke strong emotions or strong processing in the audience.
You can include statistics or a story to arouse emotions.
Positive and negative emotions are effective.
Repetition of a message is a good way for people to remember it.
46
Describe audience as a factor of persuasion within the YALE technique.
The features of an audience also effect how easy it is to persuade attitude change.
In order to be persuaded, audience members must be paying attention.
Older generations have conservative views, they are more likely to have formed attitudes through direct experience.
47
What is the central route of persuasion?
Making the audience of the message think carefully about the message to evaluate the information.
It is logic driven and uses data an facts in the message to convince people of the persuasive message.
Works best when the audience is analytical and willing to engage in processing the information.
People need a message that is credible, presented clearly and simply and backed up by evidence.
For the central route to be successful in changing attitudes, thoughts and behaviours and the argument must be strong.
48
What is the peripheral route of persuasion?
It requires little processing or thinking by the audience.
Relies on association with positive characteristics.
The audience that is targeted is often one that is young or has low self-esteem.
Audience does not need to be analytical or motivated to process the message.
49
Describe the elaboration, route, processing and attitude change of the central route.
Elaboration - high
Route - central
Processing - careful
Attitude change - depends on information
50
Describe the elaboration, route, processing and attitude change of the peripheral route.
Elaboration - low
Route - peripheral
Processing - not careful
Attitude change - depends on cues
51
What is the direct experience and how does this impact persuasion?
Attitudes are formed and changes through direct experience - when you have experienced something yourself.
52
What is the indirect experience and how does this impact persuasion?
Being exposed to a topic, event, issue or object through another medium.
Consider advertising or watching something on tv.
Attitudes formed this way are more susceptible to change, they ate less emotionally intense and do not evoke the same levels of thinking or talking attitudes formed through direct experience do.
53
What are the three strategies of persuasion?
The norm of reciprocity
Door in the face
Foot in the door
54
Describe the norm of reciprocity as a persuasive strategy.
based on the social norm that people will return a favour when one is granted to them,
Linked to the psychology of compliance, more likely to occur when the requester has previously complied with one of the target requests.
used by markets to manipulate the behaviour of prospective purchasers.
Leads you to fell obligated to return the favour of the 'free trial' or 'benefit' by keeping and purchasing the product.
55
Describe door in the face as a persuasive strategy.
Begins with an initial large request, suggestion or do something.
They initially ask you to donate or purchase something worth a significant amount, you refuse and then they suggest you purchase something worth significantly less. You can still support the cause but on 'your terms'.
56
Describe foot in the door a persuasive strategy.
The persuader gets a person to agree to a small favour or to buy a small item, only to lead later to a larger request or a larger purchase of a bigger item.
This techniques is linked to the psychology of compliance, because you have complied with the initial request/purchase, you are more likely to respond positively to the additional request/suggestion/continue to purchase more items.
57
Describe the relationship between attitudes and behaviour...
There is a bi-directional relationship between attitudes and behaviour, therefore attitudes can influence behaviour and behaviour can influence attitudes.
Overtime if we engage in a behaviour, our thoughts and feelings towards that behaviour are likely to change.
The behaviour can influence both the affective and cognitive components of an attitude.
58
What are the three attitude factors that influence behaviour
Attitude strength
Attitude accessibility
Attitude specificity
59
Describe the behaviour factor that can influence attitude...
Cognitive dissonance
60
What is attitude strength?
Strong attitudes are those that are firmly held and that highly influence behaviour.
Attitudes that are important/have a vested interest to a person tend to be strong.
Stronger attitudes generally mean people have considerable knowledge or information about something.
Tend to be formed through direct experience, more stable over time and more resistant to counterinfluence.
61
What is attitude accessibilty?
Refers to the ease with which an attitude comes to mind - highly accessible attitudes tend to be stronger.
Attitudes which are used frequently are more easily accessible vs others which we don't explore as often.
People who talk more frequently about an attitude are more likely to engage in the associated behaviours.
62
What is attitude specificity?
Ensure the attitude is more specific, rather general to ensure the behaviours are consistent.
63
What is self-perception for behaviour influencing attitude?
Occurs when we use our own behaviour as a guide to help us determine our own thoughts and feelings.
64
What is cognitive dissonance for behaviour influencing attitude?
Attitudes can be influenced by both internal and external factors.
Cognitive dissonance is when our thoughts, feelings and behaviours are not aligned with one another.
'psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviours or cognitions'
65
What are the two factors that can cause attitudes and behaviour not to be consistent?
Situational pressures
Self-monitoring
66
Describe situational pressures...
There is greater attitude-behaviour consistency when the social situations match.
67
Describe self-monitoring...
Refers to the individual differences in the tendency to attend to social cues and to adjust our behaviour to the social environment.
A high self-monitorer is more concerned about being accepted and liked, and therefore more likely to be persuaded by peer pressure.
68
What are the three consequences of inconsistency between attitude and behaviour?
Mental distress
Inability to predict behaviour
Social desirability bias
69
Describe mental distress as a consequence of inconsistency between attitude and behaviour...
People between stress or distress when their behaviour does not align with their attitudes.
Social issues as a result of inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour could impact on people's relationships.
70
Describe inability to predict behaviour as a consequence of inconsistency between attitude and behaviour...
Inconsistency between attitude and behaviour results in an inability to predict behaviour in other people.
71
Describe social desirability bias as a consequence of inconsistency between attitude and behaviour...
Although people may have positive attitudes towards behaviour they see as desirable, they do not perform the behaviour as often as they say they do
72
What are the three methods of measuring attitudes?
Attitudes can be measured using both objective and subjective data collection strategies
Behavioural count
Self-reports
Implicit association test
73
Describe the method of measuring attitude through behavioural count...
Well suited for gathering data about some kinds of issues.
Due to inconsistencies between behaviour and attitude, just observing a behaviour is not necessarily an accurate measure of an attitude.
It cannot measure the strength of the attitude.
Inter-rater reliability exists when two observers agree on identify behaviour before observing.
74
Describe the method of measuring attitude through self-reports...
Have the advantage of directly questioning participants and allowing them to respond with their own perception of their attitude and the extent to which they agree with the question being asked.
Social desirability factors can mean responses are not always truthful or accurate.
75
Describe the method of measuring attitude through implicit association test...
Use these tests to bridge the gap between self-reported attitudes and behaviour.
Implicit attitudes are positive and negative evaluations that are made much less accessible to our conscious awareness.
76
What is prejudice?
Affective and cognition
A negative attitude towards another person or group formed in advance of any experience with that person or group.
Include affective components (mild nervousness to hatred), a cognitive component (assumptions or belief's about a group and a behavioural component (negative behaviours including discrimination and violence).
77
What is discrimination?
Behaviour
Differential treatment of the members of different ethnic, religious, national or other groups.
Usually a behaviour manifestation of prejudice and therefore involves hostile, negative and injurious treatment of the rejected members.
Usually comes from prejudice that is acted upon.
78
Describe the method of measuring attitude through sterotyping...
A set of cognitive generalisations (beliefs, expectations) about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a group or social category.
Often exaggerated, negative resistant to revision even when perceivers encounter individuals with qualities that are not congruent with the stereotype.
79
Describe the stereotype, prejudice and discrimination for an individual disliking Collingwood...
Stereotype- 'AFL Collingwood fans are arrogant and obnoxious"
Prejudice- 'I hate Collingwood fans: they make me angry, because they are so arrogant and obnoxious'
Discrimination-'I would never hire nor become friends with a person if I knew they were a Collingwood footy fan'.
80
What are three reasons why people may be prejudiced?
Unintentional biases (including confirmation bias).
Exposure
Learning
81
Why does prejudice occur?
Due to the psychology of human survival - the brain organises information into categories to make the world simpler to understanding.
Prejudice and stereotyping are two examples of the mistakes that result from trying to quickly categorise information about the people we meet.
82
What is unintentional biases?
Automatic, unintentional, inbuilt attitudes that we can use when we process information.
Unintentional biases include confirmation, attribution, gender and conformity biases.
83
What is confirmation bias?
Confirmation bias occurs when you favour or choose information that fits with your existing beliefs and is selective, meaning that you might overlook or reject information or ideas that don't fit with your current view.
84
What is attribution bias?
When something good happens, or we achieve good outcomes we attribute this to our own behaviours. When something bad happens mistakes are made, we attribute this to external factors, other people, or things outside our control.
85
What is gender bias?
The tendency to prefer one gender over another. Consider gender bias when hiring new employees, and your preference for working with people in a particular industry.
86
What is conformity bias?
Relating to the original research on conformity, this bias is the tendency to behave the same as other members in the group.
87
Describe exposure as a reason individuals are prejudiced...
Prejudice can be formed direct and indirect experiences.
Direct experiences are likely to assist with the formation of a stereotype (cognition) and then prejudice though/action (affective).
Indirect experiences are also likely to expose you to or assist with the formation of stereotypes.
People tend to conform to the social norms that they are exposed to in their daily lives.
If your friends and family develop a prejudice towards a group of people, there is a high likelihood that you will too.
88
Describe learning as a reason individuals are prejudiced...
People are not born with prejudice attitudes and stereotypes - these are learned from the people around them.
Social learning theory suggests that prejudice is learned the same way as the other attitudes and beliefs from the people around them.
Association: may learn to associate a particular group with poverty, crime, violence etc.
Reinforcement: may be reinforced for telling inappropriate jokes – others might laugh along or think they’re cool.
Modelling: Children may simply imitate the prejudices of their older family and popular friends.
89
What are the three impacts of prejudice?
Social stigma
Internalisation of others' evaluation
stereotype threat
90
Describe social stigma as an effect of prejudice...
Used to explain the disapproval of, or discrimination against, a person based on a stereotype that may associated with.
Members of stigmatised social groups have a threatened sense of social identity and is psychologically harmful.
91
Describe internalisation of others evaluation as an effect of prejudice...
Refers to the process in which a person cognitively or emotionally absorbs negative messages or stereotypes they have heard, now believe and apply to themselves.
Those that are stereotyped suffer from changed behaviour, which influences emotions and beliefs.
This can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy.
92
Describe stereotype threat as an effect of prejudice...
A situation in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group.
93
What are the four factors that can change attitude and reducing prejudice?
Education
Intergroup contact
Superordinate goals
Direct experience
94
Describe education as a strategy to reduce prejudice or changing attitudes...
Prejudice can be reduced through education in schools where children are taught about the proactive value such as tolerance, community and the consequences of prejudice and what discrimination looks like.
95
Describe intergroup contact as a strategy to reduce prejudice or changing attitudes...
Prejudice can be reduced through direct contact between groups of people who have prejudicial attitudes towards each other.
96
Describe superordinate goals as a strategy to reduce prejudice or changing attitudes...
Work towards common goals, requiring equal contribution from each group.
97
Describe direct experience as a strategy to reduce prejudice or changing attitudes...
Direct experience create attitudes that are stronger, have grater accessibility and are more durable over time.
98
What is self presentation?
Refers to how people attempt to present themselves to control or shape how others (the audience) view them.
It involves expressing oneself and behaving in ways that create a desired impression.
99
Describe the social influence and self-presentation online...
Increased pressure to present positively attributes, sometimes withholding the authentic self.
Can misrepresent oneself to gain social rewards.
Self promotion occurs more frequently on social media.
100
Describe the social influence and self-presentation face to face...
Less likely to share same volume of influence compared to online.
Verbal and non-verbal cues could contradict images online.
101
What are the three important functions of self-presentation?
1. helps facilitate social interaction.
2. enables individuals to attain material and social rewards.
3. helps people privately construct desired identities.
102
What is self concept?
It refers to our private sense of self, who we are and what is it that makes us so.
Self-concept helps to build our identity and see ourselves vs social identity which is linked to the perception of how others see us.
103
What are the three components that Carl Rogers proposed our self-concept is made up of?
Ideal self: the person you want to be.
Self-image: how you see yourself, including attributed like your physical characteristics, personality traits and social roles.
Self-worth: how much you like, accept or value yourself - this can be impacted by a number
104
Why are high self monitors more likely to engage in social media more often than low self monitors?
High self monitors worry about their image and how they present to others, they strive to be the best version of them selves in any given situation. This means they change their behaviour based on others around them and have a stronger need to fit in and be accepted. This can of course mean that they behave differently around various people or when the social need arises. Behaviour is ultimately guided by social cues of those around them. HSMs are more likely to engage in strategic use of social media in attempt to validate their self-concept and manage their self presentation. HSMs also exhibit less congruence between their underlying attitudes and their public behaviour. This means they may do and say something that is in conflict with their true beliefs in order to do the right thing in specific social settings. HSMs are also likely to have more social media accounts, followers and 'friends' compared to low self monitors.
105
What is validation of self-concept?
It is achieved by users carefully crafting their online presences posting images that show only the most enviable moments and picture-perfect photos.
External validation comes from likes, comments etc - it reinforces approval, alighting with Self concept and self perception.
A lack of responses can reinforce negative self-concept despite the ongoing attempt t positive self presentation.
106
Why are low self monitors less likely to engage in social media less often than high self monitors?
Low self monitors are concerned with genuineness, even if it means being the odd person in the room or standing out from the crowd. They are guided by their own true feelings and beliefs in any social situation, even when it sets them apart from the crowd. LSMs tend to have fewer, but closer friends. Compared to HSMs, LSMs have less engagement on social media and refrain from using this as a means of validation and self-presentation. Therefore, LSMs are more likely to have less social media accounts and less 'friends' and followers. Unlike HSMs, LSMs value congruence between their attitudes and their behaviour, which is true to their genuineness.
107
What is impression management?
Impression management and self-presentation are linked given our motivation to influence the impression that others have of us.
Impression management is key to reinforcing and validating our self-concept through our engagement and self-presentation to others both face to face and online.
Self: is an expression of relatively stable psychological characteristics.
108
What is the primacy effect?
Phenomenon where information received at the beginning carries more weigh than the information that follows.
Individuals tend to be drawn to information that supports a first impression.
109
What is the recency effect?
Phenomenon where the most recent information received carries more weight than information received prior.
110
What is schema?
It refers to our internal template of what we know and what to expect in any given situation.
Generally, develops and evolves based on direct experience and from indirect learning.
Can compromise our ability to change or adapt our existing schema therefore influencing our behaviour and attitudes based on flawed beliefs and expectations.
Helps to understand the existence and maintenance of stereotypes and prejudice.
111
Explain the positive effects of social media...
Helping behaviours, altruism and cooperation
Strong positive correlation between engagement with social media and pro-social behaviours and a negative correlation between gaming and online pro-social behaviours.
Gaming online means that players work collaboratively within a team.
It can strengthen existing interpersonal relationships.
Allows individuals to explore and experiment with identity and self-expression.
112
Explain the negative effects of social media...
Individuals suffering from anxiety spend 89 more minutes a week on social media.
A study found if you engage with 3 or more platforms, you are more likely to be diagnosed with depression and anxiety.
There is a difference between passive use and active use and depression diagnoses.
113
What are the three ways ethnocentric bias can impact minor communities?
Socially
Culturally
Ethically
114
How does ethnocentric bias impact minor communities socially?
115
How does ethnocentric bias impact minor communities culturally?
116
How does ethnocentric bias impact minor communities ethically?
117
What is being done to reduce the social impact of ethnocentric bias on minor communities?
Most research focusses on the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous, communities disengage because of researchers lack of cultural understanding.
118
What is being done to reduce the cultural impact of ethnocentric bias on minor communities?
Increasing demand for social research to stretch beyond the typical Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic populations.
Research needs to be culturally appropriate.
119
What is being done to reduce the ethical impact of ethnocentric bias on minor communities?
Research involving Indigenous peoples must be reviewed and approved by a registered Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC).
120
What is required by researchers prior to attempting to reduce the social, cultural and or ethical impacts of ethnocentric bias?
Process must include assessment by or advice from people who have networks with and/or knowledge of research with indigenous people/people familiar with cultural practice of the intended sample.
121
What is an example of the bidirectional relationship between attitude and behaviour? - behaviour impacting attitude.
An example of a bidirectional relationship is that Cindy believes health and fitness is very important (attitude), so she pays $50 for a nice well equipped gym (behaviour). Am example of a behaviour influencing an attitude is that Cindy spends $50 on the gym each week so she goes to the gym as much as possible to get her money’s worth.
122
What is an example of the bidirectional relationship between attitude and behaviour? - attitude impacting behaviour.
If a person believes strongly in the importance of protecting the environment, they may adopt behaviors like recycling, conserving energy, and reducing plastic use. This pro-environmental attitude drives specific actions that align with their beliefs.
123
Why are attitudes susceptible to change but only slow change?
People generally prefer consistency between their beliefs, attitudes, and actions. When faced with information that contradicts their attitudes, they may resist change to maintain cognitive harmony. This consistency bias makes it hard for attitudes to shift quickly.
