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paper 1 > Social influence > Flashcards

Social influence Flashcards

1
Q

List all the content in this topic

A

conformity
1) types and explanations
2) conformity to social roles
obedience
1) situational variables
2) situational explanation
3) dispositional explanation
resistance to social influence
minority influence
social influence and social change

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2
Q

In what sub topics would you use Milgrams study?

A

Obedience, situational variables, situational explanations

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3
Q

Give me the AO1 of Milgrams study

A

Proximity
Original compared to separate rooms 65% ↓ 40%
Original compared to hand on plate 65% ↓ 30%
Location
Original compared to run down building
65% ↓ 47.5%
Uniform
original compared to normal clothes 65% ↓ 20%

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4
Q

Give me the A03 you would use for Situational variables

A

+ve research support, Bickman. Adds to legitimacy of authority, identified as wearing uniform due to socialisation in childhood
-ve nomothetic approach (applies to whole group/everyone) says we always obey those in uniform, does not explain disobedience, some ppts refuse to go to max voltage, limited external validity
-ve Orne and Holland, some variations caused demand characteristics, like member of public

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5
Q

Give me the GRENADE acronym

A

Gender bias- all men? Alpha bias? Beta bias?
Reductionism vs holism- biological R? environmental R?
Ethical issues- privacy? Confidentiality? Consent?
Nature vs nurture, B products of innate internal factors?
Approach, idiographic? Nomothetic?
Deterministic, biological D? Environmental D? Free will?
Ethnocentrism- own culture, or viewed in culture it originates

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6
Q

What sub topic do agentic state and legitimacy of authority fall under?

A

Obedience: situational explanations

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7
Q

Give me the A01 for legitimacy of authority

A

Understanding social hierarchy leads to recognising authority figures’ right to punish.
Police and courts penalise wrongdoers.
We trust authority figures to control behaviour and learn this from childhood.
Studies like Milgram’s (location) and Bickman’s (uniform) illustrate authority’s impact.

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8
Q

Tell me about destructive authority

A

Hitler used legitimate powers for destructive purposes. Ordering in a way that’s cruel and dangerous. In Milgram’s study, experimenter used prods to order ppts in ways that went against conscience.

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9
Q

Legitimacy of authority AO3
Strength, Bickman

A

Research support
-Bickman’s research on authority figures and behaviour
-Individuals more obedient to legitimate authorities (e.g., security guards)
-Authority figures’ characteristics (uniforms, proximity) boost legitimacy and increases obedience

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10
Q

Legitimacy of authority A03
Strength, cultural differences

A

-Cross-cultural studies show differences in obedience.
-(Kilham and Mann 1971) Only 16% of Australians reached the highest voltage level compared to 85% of Germans (Mantell, 1971).
-Authority acceptance varies across cultures, reflecting societal norms and upbringing. Cross-cultural research strengthens this explanation’s validity.

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11
Q

Give me the AO1 for agentic state

A

Milgram proposed that obedience to destructive authority occurs because a person becomes an ‘agent’ to someone who acts for or in place of another

A personal feels no personal responsibility for their actions.

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12
Q

Agentic state AO1 autonomous state

A

Independent or free

A person in autonomous state behaves according to their own principles and feels responsible for their own actions

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13
Q

What do binding factors do with agentic shift?

A

Aspects of situation that allow a person to ignore or minimise the damaging effects of their behaviour and reduce the ‘moral strain’ they feel

Milgram found: blaming victims or denying harm caused.

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14
Q

Agentic shift

A

Milgram propses that when we percieve someone else as an authority figure

Person has power because of their position in social hierarchy

Autonomy -> agentic state= agentic shift

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15
Q

What two factors dop you need to include when talking about agentic state?

A

Autonomous state
Binding factors

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16
Q

Agentic state AO3

A

+ve, research support
Milgram, ppts asked Q’s like “who is responsible of he is harmed?” when experimenter said “I am” ppt continued with X objections. ppt no longer responsible for B

-ve limited explanation
X explain Rank + Cardell
16/18 hospital nurses disobeyed doctor when administered excessive drug dosage to patient.
Doctor= authority
Nurses= remained autonomous.
Agentic shift only accounts for some situations.

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17
Q

What is the dispositional explanation for obedience focussed on?

A

The authoritarian personality

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18
Q

What is dispositional explanation?

A

Explanation of behaviour that is influenced by the individual’s personality

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19
Q

What is an authoritarian personality?

A

A personality type who is very obedient to those who have power over them

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20
Q

Explain what AP means for obedience

A

High respect for authority
submissive to inferiors,
Believe we need in strong leaders to enforce traditional views
inflexible outlook on world, no ‘grey areas’
Rigid moral judgment; measured on F-scale.
Either right or wrong, uncomfortable with uncertainty.
Others=ill.

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21
Q

Why do some people have an AP?

A

Adorno= AP forms in childhood.
Harsh parenting. Strict discipline, expectation of loyalty, severe criticisms of perceived failings.

Conditional love given based on how child behaves.

Childhood experiences= resentment + hostility in child. X express 2 parent, otherwise will be punished. Displaced to the weaker (scapegoating)

Explains hatred toward socially inferior or different groups is a key part of obeying higher authorities. Psychodynamic theory explains this.

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22
Q

Adorno is used in which sub topic?

A

Obedience: Dispositional explanation

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23
Q

Talk me through Adorno et als research

A

Aim- investigate the causes of obedient behaviour
Procedure- Several scales were developed including potential for fascism (F-scale)
Questions and statements produced -report from 1-6 to agree ‘Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtue for children to learn’
F scale used to measure AP

What he wanted to see- Investigate the unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups of more than 2000-middle class white Americans

Findings- High scorers on the F-scale displayed excessive respect and obedience toward individuals of higher status, along with strong, distinct opinions about other groups. Strong correlation between personality type and obedience. Cognitive style, ‘black and white thinking’

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24
Q

Dispositional explanation: Obedience
Issues and debates, free will. -ve

A

Adorno et al.: High authoritarianism similar to a psychological disorder.

Cause= personality of the individual (nature) but originally caused by the treatment they received from their parents at a young age (nurture).
Obedient behaviour -> socialisation experiences, X free will

However,
Humanistic psychologists would dismiss these claims + argue humans have the capacity for free will + change
Dispositional explanation= overly deterministic.

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25
Q

Dispositional explanation for obedience, methodological criticisms -ve

A

-ve Methodological criticisms

Regarding the measures used to assess authoritarian personality traits

F-scale= potential response bias/social desirability.
Ppt might provide socially acceptable answers, which = incorrectly
classified as authoritarian when they are not.
↓internal validity of questionnaire-based research on authoritarianism,

suggesting alternative factors responsible for obedient behaviour.

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26
Q

Dispositional explanation: obedience
+ve research support

A

Milgram and Elms (1966)
found obedient participants in Milgram’s study scored higher on the F-scale + were less close to their fathers during childhood, while also admiring the experimenter in M experient. Opposite of disobedient.
Suggests link between obedience+ authoritarian personality traits.

27
Q

Give me the explanations to resistance to social influence

A

Social support, LOC

28
Q

How does social support affect resistance to conformity?

A

-Conformity is reduced when a dissenting peer differs from the majority, providing social support

-Enables the other person to make free decisions

-Acts as a model of independence
-Encourages further separation from the majority (no longer unanimous)

-Asch’s study, we saw confederate conforming might not be giving ‘right’ answer.

29
Q

How does social support affect resistance to obedience?(in Milgrams study)

A

Obedience drops if there is another person who openly disobeys

In one of Milgram’s variations, obedience dropped from 65% to 10% when someone openly disobeyed.

Acts as a model of disobedience, copies

Disobedient challenges legitimacy of authority figure = easier to disobey

Frees individual from agentic state

30
Q

Who looked at LOC?

A

Rotter (1966)

31
Q

Explain to me the difference between external LOC and internal LOC

A

External
When a person believes that they are not responsible for their own actions
“Things happen to them”

Internal
When a person believes that they are responsible for their own actions and future
“They make things happen”

32
Q

What is the continuum of locus of control?

A

Scale ppl vary on.
High internal= one end continuum
High external= on the other
Low internal + external= between

33
Q

How does LOC link to resistance to social influence?

A

People with ↑ internal LOC= resist conforming or obeying
↑ internal LOC = self confident, ↑ intelligence = resistance 2 SI
characteristics of leaders, less need for social approval than followers.

34
Q

Give me evidence to support that social support can reduce social influence.

A

Evidence to support that social support can reduce social influence.

Asch’s (1951) experiment, a confederate consistently gave correct answers, resulting in only a 5% conformity rate.

Means with support for their beliefs, ppts ↑ likely to resist conformity.

Asch’s research indicates that social support decreases group pressure, enabling independent behaviour.

35
Q

Give me real world research support for positive effects on social influence AO3

A

Albrecht
Evaluated 8 week programme to help aged 14-19 pregnant resist peer pressure to smoking.
Social support= buddy, less likely to smoke than group with buddy.
Shows social support helps resistance as part of intervention in real world.

36
Q

Give me a strength of LOC and resistance to obedience A03

A

Holland repeated Milgram.
37% internals X continue to 450v
23% external X continue to 450v
Internal= greater resistance to authority
(in Milgram type situation)
Shows resistance= partly due to LOC, ↑ V as explanation of disobedience

37
Q

Give me a limitation for evidence between LOC and resistance AO3

A

Twenge analysed data from US, over 40 year period.
Over span, people more resistant to obedience, but more external. Surprising.
Would expect more internal.
LOC not valid explanation on how people resist SI.
reduces V of LOC as an explanation, but the results may be due to the changing nature of society, where things become increasingly outside
of our personal control

38
Q

What is minority influence?

A

A form of social influence where a persuasive minority changes the attitudes and behaviours of the majority and is also a form of internalisation.

39
Q

What are key behaviours of successful minorities?

A

consistent, committed and flexible.

40
Q

What does consistency mean?

A

A minority must be stable in their opinion and there must be an agreement among the minority
synchronic- all saying same thing
diachronic- said same thing for long time

41
Q

What researcher will you talk about for minority influence?

A

Moscovici (1969)

42
Q

What does commitment mean?

A

A minority must be dedicated to their cause and the greater their dedication, the greater their influence
Augmentation principle- majority pay even closer attention due to commitment.

43
Q

What does flexibility mean?

A

A minority must be consistent but they must show a willingness to compromise when expressing their opinions

44
Q

snowball effect

A

minority view has become majority as change has occurred

45
Q

Give me research support for consistency +ve A03

A

Moscovici (1969)
studied how a consistent minority could influence a majority’s perception in a colour task.
172 females split into groups of six and shown 36 blue slides.
2 confederates consistently claimed all slides were green
In another condition, they said 24 were green and 12 were blue. Results showed that in the consistent condition, ppts agreed on 8.2% of trials, compared to only 1.25% in the inconsistent condition.

46
Q

Give me limitations of Moscovici’s work -ve A03

A

1) 172 female ppts from US, restricts generalisability to males This limits our ability to conclude how males might respond to minority influence. Gynocentric- focus on conforming B of female
Further research is needed to explore how minority influence affects males, to improve low pop V

2) Deception occurred, misled about the nature of the experiment, raising ethical concerns. Moscovici argued that deception was necessary to prevent demand characteristics. Despite ethical dilemmas, the study’s valuable insights justified participant costs.

3) methodological challenges, slide colour judgment lack mundane realism, artificial. Conditions diverge too much from real-world scenarios like political campaigning. Real-world implications can be profound, potentially involving life-or-death matters, contrasting significantly with lab settings, leading to a lack of external validity in Moscovici’s research.

47
Q

Give me research support for change to minority view involving deeper thought +ve AO3

A

Martin et al
People less willing to change their opinion if they listened to minority group compared to majority group. Minority message= deeply processed.
Counter- real world situations= complicated, limited to real world.

48
Q

Tell me what social change is

A

It occurs when societies adopt new attitudes, beliefs and behaviours which creates new social norms (gay rights for example)

49
Q

Give me the steps as to how social influence creates social change

A

1) Drawing attention
2) Consistency
3) Deeper processing
4) Augmentation principle
5) Snowball effect
6) Social cryptomnesia

50
Q

What anagram can be used to remember the social change process?

A

Drawing attention = A
Consistency of position = Cat
Deeper processing = Did
The augmentation principle = A
The snowball effect = Smelly
Social cryptomnesia occurs S**t

51
Q

What is the real life example of the minority creating social change?

A

The African-American civil rights movement of the 1950’s and 60’s.

52
Q

How was attention drawn in the real life example?

A

Segregation in 1950s- some places exclusive to whites. Civil rights marches drew attention to the problem by providing social proof of the problem.

53
Q

Consistency in the real life example?

A

Marches were on a large scale. Even though it was a minority of the American population, they displaced consistency of message and intent.

54
Q

The deeper processing of the real life example?

A

The attention meant that many people who had accepted the status quo began thinking about the unjustness of it.

55
Q

Augmentation process in the real life example?

A

‘Freedom riders’ were mixed racial groups who got on buses in the South to challenge separate seating for black people. Many were beaten and suffered mob violence.

56
Q

The snowball effect of the real life example?

A

Civil rights activists gradually got the attention of the US government. 1964 Civil Rights Act was passed, prohibiting discrimination. A change from minority to majority support for civil rights.

57
Q

Social cryptomnesia of the real life example?

A

Refers to people having memory that a change has happened but not remembering how. Social change came about but some people have no memory of the evets leading to the change.

58
Q

Give me 2 lessons from conformity research?

A
  1. Dissenters make social change more likely.
  2. Majority influence and NSI
59
Q

What is the lesson regarding dissenters make social change more likely?

A

Asch’s research: variation where one confederate always gave correct answers. This broke the power of the majority encouraging others to dissent. This demonstrates potential for social change.

60
Q

What is the lesson with majority influence an normative social influence?(irl)

A

Environmental and health campaigns exploit conformity by appealing to NSI. They provide information about what other are doing (reducing litter by printing normative messages on bins). Social change is encouraged by drawing attention to the majority’s behaviour.

61
Q

What is the lesson regarding obedience research?

A

Milgram- confederate teacher refused to give shocks, genuine participants were less likely to continue, demonstrating the power of disobedient role models.

Zimbardo- concept of gradual commitment, where individuals who initially obey small instructions find it increasingly difficult to resist larger ones, leading them to ‘drift’ into new behaviours.

62
Q

Evaluation of Social change- Research support for normative influences +ve

A

Nolan et al
investigated social influence on energy consumption in a community by hanging messages on doors in San Diego for 1 month.
key message- ↓ energy usage.
Control- some residents had signs that just asked them to save energy, not referencing others b
Significant ↓ in energy usage of 1st compared to 2nd.
Shows conformity (majority influence) = social change through operation of NSI, valid explanation.

63
Q

Evaluation of social change- cannot be tested -ve AO3

A

Reports of social change often involve untested or untestable concepts, lacking scientific credibility.
MLK, rely on isolated case studies, leading to an idiographic approach taken
Thus, explaining social norms requires subjective interpretation.

BUT

Research by Asch, Milgram, and Moscovici supports social change processes through nomothetic approaches,
Each created universal laws for human B under specific social circumstances.
These studies, alongside larger-scale research, provide credibility to the underlying processes of social change.

64
Q

Evaluation on social influence and social change, deeper processing may not play role in how minorities bring about social change -ve AO3

A

Minority and majority influence may involve different levels of cognitive processing.
Moscovici suggests that a minority viewpoint prompts individuals to think more deeply about the issue.
However, Mackie (1987) disagrees, proposing that when a majority group behaves differently from us, it compels deeper thought about their reasons.
This casts doubt on the validity of Moscovici’s minority influence theory, suggesting it may be an incorrect explanation of social change.

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