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A level Psychology AQA > social influence > Flashcards

social influence Flashcards

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1
Q

Conformity

A

a change in a persons behaviour or opinion as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people .

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2
Q

types of conformity

A

compliance , identification , internalisation

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3
Q

compliance

A

just going along with something .
behaviour is simply to fit in with the group and be accepted once away from the group behaviour and opinion is back to normal.

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4
Q

Identification

A

conforms to the behaviours of a group because there is something they value about the group.
identify with the group in public , they MAY also hold the same views privately. TEMPORARY and not MAINTAINED

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5
Q

Identification

A

a person genuinely believes and accepts a group norm .
this change is permanent
public and private acceptance of views
behaviours and beliefs are present even when away from the group.

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6
Q

what were the three things in Asch’s variation

A

group size , unanimity , task difficulty

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7
Q

group size in Asch’s study

A

the number of members within a social group.
changed the number of confederates in the experiment from 0 to 15 .
conformity increases to a certain point number of confederates increased from 0-3 so did conformity . increasing confederates after this made little difference to conformity levels .

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8
Q

unanimity in Asch’s study

A

the degree to which the group members agree with each other.
introduced a confederate who disagreed with the other . sometimes the disagree confederate would give the correct answer . other times another incorrect answer would be given .
conformity reduces if the correct answer was given conformity dropped to 5% if another incorrect answer was give , conformity dropped to 9%.

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9
Q

task difficulty in Asch’s study

A

how obvious the correct answer is.
visual perception task was made harder by making the line more similar in length .
Conformity increase .

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10
Q

what are the two process models

A

the need to be right , the need to be liked

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11
Q

what is informational social influence

A

its a cognitive process
occurs when a person is in a new situation and wants to do the right thing .
results in people publicly and privately accepting opinions and behaviours. conforming via internalisation

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12
Q

Asch and ISI

A

-when tasks were made more difficult ( by making the lines closer together ) there was an increase in conformity rates .
- this is because people thought that the others were right , and so conformed because the task was difficult .

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13
Q

what is normative social influence

A

is concerned with emotions . Humans have a desire to be accepted and a fear of rejection .
occurs when: you seek approval of strangers .

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14
Q

Asch and NSI

A

when participants were interviewed at the end of the study , a number of them said that they had agreed with the rest of the group because they wanted to fit in .
this was despite them knowing that the answer that they were giving was wrong .

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15
Q

What are social roles

A

Social roles are the parts people play as members of various social groups.These are accompanied by expectations that we and others have of what’s appropriate behaviour in each role .

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16
Q

what is conformity to social roles

A

This is called identification . a person changes their public behaviour and private beliefs but only while they are in the particular social.

people learn how to behave in certain situations by observing the social roles of other and conforming to this behaviour .

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17
Q

what did Zimbardo’s study show in relation to whether people are “evil”?

A

ordinary people will do unimaginable things given certain enviroments.

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18
Q

how many volunteers participated in the prison study?

A

24

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19
Q

why was there no difference between the guards and the prisoners to begin with?

A

randomly allocated

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20
Q

what are the symbols of power?

A

sunglasses
uniform
baton
handcuffs
whistle

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21
Q

how did the guards dehumanise the prisoners?

A

called by numbers not names
tights on their heads
chain on foot

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22
Q

why was the prison study different from Milgram’s in term of experimental input.

A

Zimbardo had a dual role
he played the superintendent and researcher

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23
Q

how many days did it take for the guards to get the prisoners to do the sexual acts

A

4 days

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24
Q

how many days did it take for the study to be stopped and why ?

A

6 days , thing got sexual

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25
Q

what did the Stanford prison study investigate

A

conformity to social roles

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26
Q

what is obediences

A

when an individual follows a direct order from a person who is usually a figure of authority

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27
Q

what is destructive obediences

A

when an individual obeys an order to do something immoral which causes the individual carry out the order distress and regret.

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28
Q

how did milligram recruit his participants

A

by placing an adverts in local papers and sending out flyers

29
Q

which three people were involved in milligrams procedure .

A

experimenter
teacher
learner

30
Q

what proportion of participants does 65% refer to

A

participants who went all the way to the top of the shock scale

31
Q

what are situational variables

A

features of an environment that impact the degree to which individuals obey

32
Q

what are the situational variables that impact obedience levels

A

proximity
location
uniform

33
Q

what did the obedience rate change to when the teacher and learner were in the same room.

A

40%

34
Q

in one variation what did the teachers have to do to the learners hand

A

force it on the electroshock plate

35
Q

what was rate of obedience when the teacher had to force the learners hand

A

30%

36
Q

when the experimenter was in a different room to the teacher ad gave the order over the phone what was the obedience rate

A

20.5%

37
Q

how did proximity of authority figure impact on the rate of obedience

A

the further away the teacher is from the experimenter , the less likely they are to obey

38
Q

how does the proximity of the victim to the person carrying out the order impact on obedience

A

the closer the teacher is to their actions the less likely they are to obey.

39
Q

where was milligrams original study conducted

A

yale university

40
Q

how did Milgram change the location of the experiment

A

completed the experiment in a rundown office block

41
Q

what happened to the rate of obedience when the experiment occurred In a rundown office

A

it fell to 47.5%

42
Q

how does location impact on rates of obediences

A

a prestigious / formal location makes people more likely to obey orders

43
Q

in the OG experiment what uniform did the experimenter wear

A

a grey lab coat

44
Q

how was the condition changed in Miligrams variation

A

an ordinary member of the public in everyday clothes replaced the experimenter .

45
Q

what was the rate of obedience in the uniform variation

A

20%

46
Q

how does uniform impact the rate of obedience

A

wearing a uniform increases the rate of obedience

47
Q

what are the explanations of obedience

A

1-situational variables
2- legitimacy of authority
3- agent state
4- authoritarian personality

48
Q

what is legitimacy of authority

A

is an explanation for obedience which suggests people are more likely to obey people who they perceive to have authority over them .
its justified by the individual’s position of power within a social hierarchy .

49
Q

what is an agent shift

A

people willing to give up some of their behaviour to people they trust to exercise their authority appropriately .

50
Q

what is the problem with legitimacy of authority when it becomes destructive

A

it leads to people being ordered to behave in ways that are callous , cruel , stupid and dangerous

51
Q

how was destructive authority shown in miligrams study

A

when the experimenter used prods to order participants to behave in ways that went against their consciences

52
Q

how did Milgrams original experiment create an authority that was legitimate.

A

legitimate location at Yale university , grey lab coat worn by experimenter

53
Q

what is the agent state

A

a social psychological explanation for obedience .
other people influence the likelihood that someone is going to obey

54
Q

what is the autonomous state

A

is acting in accordance with moral duty .

55
Q

how does an individual feel in the autonomous state

A

they feel responsible for their own actions and therefore the individual behaves according to their own principle

56
Q

what happes when an individual acts as an agent

A

they are not an unfeeling puppet . they experience high anxiety which is a moral strain , they know what they are doing is wrong but feel powerless to disobey the authority figure.

57
Q

what was the result of one variation of milgrams study where a confederate administered the shocks on behalf of the teacher

A

the percentage off participants who administered the full 450 volts rose dramatically , from 65% to 92.5%

58
Q

Who proposed the idea of an authoritarian personality

A

Fromm but Adorno used it as an explanation of obedience

59
Q

what was the procedure of authoritarian personality

A

Adorno et al (1950) investigated the cause of obedient personalty in a study of more than 2000 middle class white Americans and their unconscious attitude towards other racial groups .

60
Q

what scale was used by Adorno et al .

A

f- scale (facist)

61
Q

what did Adorno et al find

A

people with authoritarian leanings scored higher on F-scale identified with strong people were disrespectful and had hatred for the weak .
Authoritarian people had no fuzziness between categories of people

62
Q

where does the Authoritarian personality originate from

A
  • harsh parenting was thought to result in this personality .
    -extremely strict discipline ; expectation of complete loyalty ;impossibly high standards ; severe criticism of perceived failures ; conditional love
63
Q

what is a strengths of the authoritarian personality.

A

-Research support : milligram and elms conducted interviews with individuals involved in Milgram’s original study. Participants who were highly obedient were significantly more authoritarian on the f-scale then disobedient participants. suggests there is a link between authoritarian personality and obediences.

64
Q

what are some limitations of the authoritarian personality.

A
  • Limited explanation :
    individual personality explanations of obedience cannot easily explain the behaviour of a country majority. not likely that all germans who were obedient, racist and anti-semitic , had an authoritarian personality. this limits Adorno’s theory because its clear that an alternative explanation is much more realistic ; social identity theory. Majority go German ppl identified with anti-semitic nazi state and scapegoated the ‘outgroup’ of jews . limits applicability of the theory.
65
Q

what is resistance to social influence

A

refers to the ability of people to withstand the social pressures to conform to the majority or to obey the authority

66
Q

what is the ability to withstand social pressure is the influenced by

A

situational factors - social support
dispositional factors - locus of control

67
Q

what’s one reason that people resist the pressure to confront

A

if they have an ally , someone supporting their views . having an ally builds confidence and allows individuals to remain independent

68
Q
A

A level Psychology AQA (12 decks)

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