memory

Question 1

coding

Answer 1

the format inn which information is stored in the various memory stores.

Question 2

Capacity

Answer 2

the amount of information that can be held in a memory store at a given

Question 3

Duration

Answer 3

the length of tie information can be held in a memory

Question 4

short term memory

Answer 4

the limited capacity memory store .coding is mainly acoustic , capacity between 5 - 9 items on average , duration is between 18 - 30 seconds .

Question 5

Long term memory

Answer 5

the permanent memory store . coding is mainly semantic , it has unlimited capacity and can store memories for up to a life time .

Question 6

Jacobs (1887 )

Answer 6

Aim : research capacity of STM
Procedures : developed a technique to measure digit span how many times an individual can remember , in sequence and repeat back in order .
Findings : found the mean span for digits across participants was 9.3 items . found the mean span for letters across participants was 7.3 .
conclusion : memory can hold 7- 9 items

Question 7

miller 1956

Answer 7

aim - research capacity of STM
Procedures - observed the things come in sevens : days of the week , notes on a music scale , deadly sins etc . also used the digit span technique but “chunked. “ items into groups e.g words and sets of numbers
Findings : found people could recall 5 words , as well as they can recall 5 letters ( via chunking)
Conclusion - used the term ‘the magical number 7 ‘ to describe the capacity of the STM.

Question 8

Peterson and Peterson (1956)

Answer 8

aim - research duration of STM
Procedures 24 students took part in 8 trials ad were given a consonant syllable / trigram such as BNT and a three digit number and asked to count backwards to prevent rehearsal . on each trail , they were sopped after either 3 , 6 ,9, 12 , 15 or 18 seconds .
Findings : found that STM lasts about 18 seconds after this very few people correctly recall the consonant syllable.
Conclusion -it suggests that STM may have a very short duration , unless rehearsed .

Question 9

Bahrick (1975)

Answer 9

aim - research duration of LTM
procedures : tested recall of people participants had gone to school with using photo recognition ( 50 photos from a persons year book ) and free recall ( participants recalled all the names of their graduating year )
findings - found 90 % accuracy for photo recognition for people who had graduated within 15 years and 60% accuracy for free recall . after 48 years , photo recognition recall Was about 70% and 30% for free recall .
conclusion LTM lasts a very long time .

Question 10

Baddeley

Answer 10

aim - to asses whether coding in STM and LTM. was mainly acoustic ( sound ) or semantic ( meaning)
Procedures - 4 sets of word lists :
- acoustically similar
- acoustically dissimilar
- semantically similar
- semantically dissimilar
participants had to recall the order of the list of words this was done immediately -to assess STM , after 20minutes - to assess LTM
Findings : immediate recall
participants given the list of acoustically similar words had the worst recall , they confessed the similar sounding words
delayed recall
participants given a semantically similar words had the worst recall .
they confused the similar meaning words .
conclusion ; suggests STM is acoustically coded , because people were able to remember the other lists of words fine .
LTM is semantically coded because people were able to remember the other lists of words fine .

Question 11

multi store model of memory

Answer 11

a representation of how memory works in terms of the three stores called sensory register , short term memory and long term memory .it describes how information is transferred from one store to another . how its remembered and forgotten .

Question 12

sensory register

Answer 12

the memory stores for each of our 5 senses , vision ( ionic store ) and hearing ( echoic ) . coding in the ionic sensory register is visual and in the echoic sensory register it is acoustic . the capacity of the sensory register ism huge and info lasts a very short time - less the half a second .

Question 13

sensory register - CODING, CAPACITY , DURATION

Answer 13

CODING - iconic , echoic , haptic , gustatory , olfactory
CAPACITY - high
DURATION - less than half a second

Question 14

STM - CODING , CAPACITY , DURATION

Answer 14

CODING - acoustic
CAPACITY - 5 -9
DURATION - 18 - 30 seconds

Question 15

LTM - CODING , CAPACITY , DURATION

Answer 15

CODING - semantic
CAPACITY - unlimited
DURATION - unlimited

Question 16

Who studied patient KF

Answer 16

Shallice and Warrington

Question 17

Explain Patient KF study

Answer 17

-conducted by Shallice Warrington
- KF had amnesia caused by a motorcycle accident which damaged his STM
- Specifically damaged his verbal recall
- Found KF STM for digits was very poor when tested he was only able to recall 2 items verbally
- However his recalls much better when he was able to read the digits himself.

Question 18

How can MSM be used to explain the behaviours shown by KF

Answer 18

-Suggests/ demonstrates that STM is not a single, unitary store and may have further components.

Question 19

how can patient KF be used to evaluate MSM?

Answer 19

• it suggests that there are different aspects of STM- one for visual info and one for auditory info.

Question 20

Explain the case of HM and how it can be used to evaluate MSM

Answer 20

• Supports MSM
• Supports the central features of the model-that there are two separate and independent memory stores, STM and LTM
• HM is evidence that it is possible to suffer damage to one of these stores with other remaining relatively unaffected.
  -Hm had surgery to help with his epilepsy where he had his hippocampus removed.
• HM’s LTM was badly damaged he had no memory for events that happened after his surgery and then he struggled to remember things occurred just hours or even minutes earlier , But his STM was not effected -he could recall info presented immediately but none of this could be transferred to the LTM
• He was unable to form any new LTM after this surgery.

Question 21

what are the types of LTM

Answer 21

Episodic , Semantic , Procedural

Question 22

Episodic memory

Answer 22

a LTM for personal events . includes memories of when the event occurred and of the people , objects , places and behaviours involved . memories from this store have to retrieve consciously and with effort .

Question 23

Semantic memory

Answer 23

LTM store of our knowledge of the world . this includes facts and our knowledge of what words and concepts mean . these memories usually also need to be recalled deliberately .

Question 24

Procedural memory

Answer 24

a long term memory store for our knowledge of how to do things , this includes our memories of learned skills . we usually recall these memories without making a conscious or deliberate effort .

Question 25

Neuro imaging evidence

Answer 25

there’s evidence from brain scans to show that the different types of memory are stored in different parts of the brain. Tulving found that episodic and semantic memory were both recalled from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) - however , the left PFC was involved in semantic memories and the right PFC for episodic memories . supports the view that there is a physical reality to different types of LTM .

Question 26

Working memory model

Answer 26

a representation of STM that suggests STM is a dynamic processor of different types of information using sub units coordinated by a central decision making system .

Question 27

What is the Central executive

Answer 27

the component of WMM that coordinates the activities of the three subsystems in the memory.it also allocates processing resources to those activities .

Question 28

What is the Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 28

the component of the WMM that processes visual and spatial information in a mental space often called our ‘inner eye ‘.

Question 29

What is the phonological loop

Answer 29

the component of the WMM that processes information in terms of sound . this incudes written and spoken materials . it is divided into the phonological store and the articulatory process .

Question 30

What is the Episodic buffer

Answer 30

It facilitates communication between the components of the WMM and long term memory.
It holds 4 chunks of information.

Question 31

how do leading questions impact EWT?

Answer 31

the response bias explanation suggests that the wording of the question has no real impact on the participants memories IT JUST INFLUENCES HOW THEY DECIDE TO ANSWER .

e.g when a participant get a leading question like “ smashed” it encourages them to choose a higher speed estimate.

Question 32

what did Gabbert et all (2003) investigate

Answer 32

the effect of post event discussion on the accuracy of the eyewitness testimony.

Question 33

what did Gabbert’s investigation consist of ?

Answer 33

Consisted of 60 students from the university of Aberdeen and 60 older adults recruited from a local community and watched a video of a girl stealing money from a wallet , but was filmed from different points.

Question 34

what were the individuals tested on in Gabbert et als investigation.

Answer 34

participants were either tested individually ( control groups) or in a pair ( co-witness) on their recall.

Question 35

what were the participants told in Gabbert’s study

Answer 35

they were told they watched the same video , (however they had actually different perspectives of the same crime and only one person had actually witnessed the girl stealing.)

Question 36

what were the findings of the post event discussion

Answer 36

71% of the witnesses in the co witness group recalled information they had not actually seen.
the control group did not recall any information that they had not seen.
the results highlight the issue of post event discussion and the powerful effect this can have on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.

Question 37

what effect did Loftus propose

Answer 37

“weapon focus effect”
which suggests that the anxiety caused as a result of witnessing a weapon , focuses the attention away from potential perpetrators and reduces the accuracy of eye witness testimony.

Question 38

what did Johnson and Scott do at the beginning of the experiment

Answer 38

they invited participants to a lab where they were told to wait in the reception area. where they were left alone .

Question 39

what design was Johnson and Scott’s two conditions

Answer 39

independent groups design.

Question 40

what happened in the no weapon condition?

Answer 40

participants overheard arguments in the lab . thereafter an individual left the lab and walked past the participant holding a pen with his hands covered in grease.

Question 41

what happened in the weapon condition?

Answer 41

participants overheard the same argument and the sound of breaking glass . this was followed by an individual walking out passed the participant with a bloodied letter opener.

Question 42

what were both groups shown in the anxiety study

Answer 42

50 photographs and asked to identify the person who left the lab.

Question 43

what percentage of the time did participants identify the man holding the letter opener correctly?

Answer 43

33%

Question 44

what percentage of the time did participants identify the man holding the pen correctly?

Answer 44

49%

Question 45

what did loftus claim about the results of the anxiety negative study