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Pyschology Paper 1 > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of conformity:

A

Compliance
Identification
Internalisation

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2
Q

Define compliance:

A

Going along with others to gain their approval.

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3
Q

Define identification:

A

Going along with others in order to fit in with a group.

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4
Q

Define internalisation:

A

Going along with others due to an acceptance in their beliefs.

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5
Q

What are the two explanations of conformity?

A

Normative social influence
Informative social influence

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6
Q

Define normative social influence:

A

Going along with something because you want to gain approval and be liked.

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7
Q

What is informative social influence:

A

Going along with something because we believe the opinion of the majority.

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8
Q

In Asch’s experiment, the participant gave the wrong answer on ___% of critical trials.

A

37%

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9
Q

In Asch’s experiment, ___% of participants never conformed at all.

A

25%

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10
Q

In Asch’s experiment, ___% of participants conformed at least once.

A

75%

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11
Q

What are the three variation in Asch’s experiment?

A
  • Group size
  • Task difficulty
  • Unanimity
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12
Q

In Asch’s experiment, explain the variation of group size:

A
  • Increased the group size by adding more confederates
  • Conformity increased with group size, with the rate of conformity remaining the same with 3+ confederates
  • If the number of confederates was too large, the participants became suspicious.
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13
Q

In Asch’s experiment, explain the variation of unanimity:

A
  • Found that if one confederate gave the correct answer, conformity dropped from 37% to 5%.
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14
Q

In Asch’s experiment, explain the variable of task difficulty:

A

The more difficult the task is the higher the rate of conformity. This is because participants assume the majority to be correct.

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15
Q

Name the four limitations of Asch’s experiment:

A
  • Historical validity
  • Artificial task and environment
  • Limited application of findings (cross-cultural replications)
  • Ethical issues
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16
Q

In Asch’s experiment explain the limitation of historical validity.

A
  • Experiment lack historical validity
  • Conducted in the 1950’s when the era was very conformist
  • Perrin and Spencer repeated the experiment in the 1980’s and found that only 1/396 conformed
  • Shows that experiment lacks historical validity as findings vary depending on how conformist the era is.
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17
Q

In Asch’s experiment explain the limitation of artificial situation and task:

A
  • Lacks external validity as experiment was conducted in a lab = so results are generalised to that environment and will not necessarily be replicated in a real-life environment
    -Experiment may have shown demand characteristics = so results are invalid
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18
Q

In Asch’s experiment explain the limitation of limited application of findings:

A
  • Meta- analysis shows us that results cannot be applied to all cultures.
  • They are unable to be cross-culturally replicated = collectivist cultures (e.g. japan) have higher rates of conformity compared to individualist cultures (e.g. USA)
  • Gender differences - women were not included in the study = differences in conformity rates
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19
Q

In Asch’s experiment explain the limitation of ethical issues:

A
  • Participants were decieved as they believed the confederates wee genuine people.
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20
Q

In Zimbardo’s experiment, what were the findings?

A
  • At the start the guards were gentle and weary with the prisoners.
  • Prisoners began to rebel, causing the guards to react harshly
  • Guards constantly harassed the prisoners, administering rules and punishment
    -After the rebellion stopped, prisoners became depressed and anxious
  • 2 prisoners left, 1 went on a hunger strike
  • Both prisoners and guards identified with their social role at the end of the experiment
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21
Q

Name the two strengths in Zimbardos experiment:

A
  • Control
  • Experimental realism
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22
Q

In Zimbardo’s experiment, explain the strength of control:

A
  • The experiment was highly controlled e.g. participants were randomly assigned their roles
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23
Q

In Zimbardo’s experiment explain the strength of experimental realism:

A
  • Externally valid as it occurred in a highly realistic environment
  • 90% of the conversations were about prison life
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24
Q

Name the three limitations in Zimbardo’s experiment:

A
  • Personality factors
  • Lack of research support
  • Ethical issues
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25
Q

In Zimbardo’s experiment explain the limitation of personality factors:

A
  • Zimbardo didn’t take personality into account with his findings
  • 1/3 of the guards acted aggressive, 1/3 of the guards acted fairly, 1/3 of the guards acted nicely
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26
Q

In Zimbardo’s experiment explain the limitation of lack of research support:

A
  • Reicher and Haslam (2006) relocated the experiment and found that the opposite had occured- the prisoners took over the prison.
27
Q

In Milgrams experiment, ___% of participants went up to 300V.

A

100%

28
Q

In Milgrams experiment ___% stopped at 300V.

A

12.5%

29
Q

In Milgrams experiment ___% went up to 450V.

A

65%

30
Q

Name the three limitations that occurred in Milgrams experiment:

A
  • Low internal support
  • Alternative application of findings
    -Ethical issues
31
Q

In Milgrams experiment explain the limitation of low internal support:

A
  • Orne and Holland believed that participants were obedient because they did not actually believe they were giving real shocks.
  • Milgram argued that 75% of participants believed that the socks were real
32
Q

In Milgrams experiment explain the limitation of ethical issues:

A
  • Participants were decieved, earning a lack of consent was given.
  • the participants were not protected from psychological harm
    -Throughout the study the participants were not given the right to withdraw
33
Q

In Milgrams experiment explain the limitation of alternative interpretation of findings:

A

Haslam argued that participants had obeyed when the experimenter (authority figure) verbally instructed them to carry on with the experiment.- when the experimenter said “you must carry on, you have no choice” all participants disobeyed
- Social identity theory- participants only obeyed when they identified with the scientific aims of the research

34
Q

In Milgrams experiment what are the thre variations:

A
  • Uniform
    -Proximity
    -Location
35
Q

In Milgrams experiment explain the variation of proximity:

A
  • The closer the experimenter was to the participants, the more likely they were to obey
  • Obedience to give the 450V dropped from 65% to 40% when the teacher and learner were in the same room
    -Obedience to give the 450V dropped from 65% to 30% when the teacher had to force the learners hand on the electric pedals each time they were required to give a shock.
36
Q

In Milgrams experiment explain the variation of location:

A
  • Obedience to give the 450V dropped from 65% to 47.5% when the environment changed to a less prestigious location.
  • Shows that if the location is of high status we are more likely to obey because of the associated presetige of the location
37
Q

In Milgrams experiment explain the variation of uniform:

A

-We are more likely to obey an authority figure if they are in a uniform
-Obedience to give the 450V dropped from 65% to 20% when the experimenter was not wearing a lab coat and instead casual clothes.

38
Q

In Milgrams experiment, explain the research support strength for the uniform variation:

A
  • Bickman (1974) conducted a study = 1 man in a jacket and tie, 1 in a milkman’s uniform, 1 in a security guards uniform
  • All men asked random members of the public to do tasks, e.g. swap the side they were holding their bag
  • Found that people are 2x more likely to obey an authority figure when they are wearing uniform (security guard) vs when they are not (jacket and tie)
39
Q

In Milgrams study, explain the limitation of lack of internal validity:

A
  • Orne and Holland argued that the participants may have guessed the aims of the study and were acting in a way they thought they were wanted to
  • E.g. the “member of the public variation” was so obvious that some participants may have worked out the truth
40
Q

In Milgrams experiment explain the strength/limitation of cross-cultural replication:

A
  • Has been replicated in other cultures, e.g. Miranda et al found that there is a 90% obedience rate amongst Spanish students
    -Smith and Bond argued that it has replicated many times in developed Western cultures, and only twice in non-western cultures, e.g. India, Jordan, which have significantly different cultures.
41
Q

What is social support?

A

The psychological and material resources provided by others to help individuals cope with stress.

42
Q

What is locus of control?- give an example

A

A person’s perception about causes of events in their lives, e.g. believing in fate or destiny.

43
Q

Define resistance to social influence:

A

The ability to withstand social pressure to conform to the majority or to obey authority.

44
Q

What are the three behaviours that strengthen minority influence?

A

Consistency, commitment, flexibility

45
Q

How does consistency strengthen minority influence?

A

Draws attention to the minority viewpoint as beliefs are repeated.

46
Q

How does commitment strengthen minority influence?

A

Making personal sacrifices shows dedication to beliefs, drawing attention to them and reinforcing the message (augmentation principle)

47
Q

Define minority influence:

A

When the minority change the attitudes and behaviours of the majority.

48
Q

Why can’t minority groups influence people by using compliance?

A

Because compliance works by encouraging individuals to fit in with what most people are doing (the majority), whereas minority influence encourages individuals to stand out.

49
Q

What is the process called in which the minority influence the majority to change their beliefs and opinions?

A

Conversion

50
Q

Minority influence works by causing the majority to _________ the minority’s beliefs.

A

Internalise

51
Q

What are the three steps conversion works by?

A
  • Conflict
  • Understanding
  • Validity
52
Q

How does conflict cause conversion?

A

Minority creates conflict by saying and doing things that aren’t considered normal.

53
Q

How does understanding cause conversion?

A

Once the minority has the attention of the majority, the majority tries to understand the position of the minority.

54
Q

How does validity cause conversion?

A

If the minority’s position seems valid the majority is convinced by the minority and adopts their behaviours and attitudes.

55
Q

What is social cryptomnesia?

A

People forgetting how new social norms came about and who they came from.

56
Q

What was the aim of Moscovici’s experiment?

A

See if the minority could change the behaviours and attitudes of the majority.

57
Q

What is the snowball effect?

A

When the majority converts a small group of people who convert more people, and then they convert more people.

58
Q

In Moscovici’s experiment, participants in group 1 gave the same incorrect answer on ____% of trials

A

8.42%

59
Q

In Moscovici’s experiment, participants in group 3 gave the same incorrect answer on ____% of trials

A

0.25%

60
Q

In Moscovici’s experiment, _____% of participants in group 1 gave the same incorrect answer at least once.

A

32%

61
Q

Give the three limitations of Moscovici’s experiment:

A
  • Limited application of findings (gender)
  • Lack of external validity
  • Ethical issues
62
Q

In Moscovici’s experiment, explain the limitation of limited application of findings:

A
  • Experiment was only done with women
  • Results cannot be generalised to men
63
Q

In Moscovici’s experiment, explain the limitation of lack of external validity:

A
  • Experiment was conducted in a lab
  • Same results will not necessarily be replicated in other environments.
64
Q

In Moscovici’s experiment, explain the limitation of ethical issues:

A

Participants were deceived.

Pyschology Paper 1 (9 decks)

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