Social Influence Flashcards

1
Q

What is Conformity?

A

Conformity is a change in a person’s behaviour/opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or a group of people.

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of Conformity?

A
  • Compliance (shallow)
  • Identification (Intermediate)
  • Internalisation (deep)
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3
Q

What is Compliance?

A
  • Compliance is a type of conformity
  • This is where an individual externally agrees with a group/person’s beliefs but internally keeps their own beliefs.
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4
Q

What is Identification?

A
  • Identification is a type of conformity
  • This is where an individual admires a person/group so takes on their beliefs even though they don’t fully agree.
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5
Q

What is Internalisation?

A
  • Internalisation is a type of conformity
  • It is the deepest type of Conformity as the individual’s beliefs/behaviours genuinely change permanently.
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6
Q

What are the 2 explanations for Conformity?

A
  • Informational Social Influence (ISI)
  • Normative Social Influence (NSI)
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7
Q

What is Informational Social Influence (ISI) ?

A
  • ISI is one of the two explanations for conformity.
  • In situations where the correct behaviour is uncertain, we look to the majority for guidance on how to behave because we want to be correct.
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8
Q

What is Normative Social Influence (NSI) ?

A
  • NSI is one of the two explanations for conformity.
  • It occurs in situations where the individual wants to be a part of the majority to seem normal, and to not be rejected.
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9
Q

What is the supporting evidence for NSI (Asch) ?

A
  • Participants would choose the wrong answer in an UNAMBIGUOUS line test if confederates picked the wrong answer.
  • When interviewed after the experiment, participants said that the reason they conformed was in order to avoid rejection from others (NSI).
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10
Q

What is the supporting evidence for ISI (Jenness) ?

A
  • Participants asked to first guess ALONE how many Jellybeans in a jar (AMBIGUOUS TASK)
  • Then participants discussed with a group of confederates their answers (confederates guessed much higher/lower numbers than participant)
  • Participant then asked to guess again, this time gave an answer much closer to what the confederates were saying.
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11
Q

What is meant by 12 ‘Critical trials’ In Asch’s Conformity Experiment?

A

The 12 Critical trials refers to the 12 times the confederates gave the wrong answer purposely.

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12
Q

What were the results in Asch’s Conformity experiment?

A
  • Conformity was 32%
  • 75% Conformed at least once
  • 5% Conformed all 12 times
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13
Q

What were the 3 Variations of Asch’s Conformity experiment?

A
  • Group size
  • Unanimity
  • Task difficulty
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14
Q

What were the results in the ‘Group Size’ variation of Asch’s experiment?

A
  • 3% Conformed if there was only 1 confederate
  • 13% Conformed if there were 2 confederates
  • 33% Conformed if there were 3 Confederates
  • (After 3 confederates the % of those that conformed didn’t go much higher)
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15
Q

What were the results in the ‘Unanimity’ variation of Asch’s experiment?

A
  • If a confederate disagreed with the majority just before the participants answer, Conformity dropped to 5.5%
  • This is because the participant received some social support to disagree too.
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16
Q

What were the results in the ‘Task Difficulty’ variation of Asch’s experiment?

A
  • When Asch made the difference between the lines much smaller, Conformity increased as the task became more Ambiguous.
  • This is more due to ISI than NSI.
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17
Q

Bulletpoint the setup of Zimbardo’s experiment on Conformity to Social Roles.

A
  • Fake prison set up in the basement of Stanford University.
  • 21 Males selected from 75 volunteers.
  • 21 Males split up in to 10 Prisoners & 11 Guards.
  • 10 Prisoners were realistically arrested by local police (stripped,deloused,fingerprinted) and were given uniforms with numbers to dehumanise them.
  • Guards given Clubs, Handcuffs & Mirrored sunglasses.
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18
Q

What were the findings of Zimbardo’s study?

A
  • Guards and Prisoners Conformed to their social roles quickly
  • Guards abused their power & Prisoners expressed hate towards the Guards.
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19
Q

How long was it until Zimbardo’s experiment was cancelled, and why?

A
  • In 6 days the experiment was cancelled.
  • This was due to the fears for the Prisoners mental health as a result of the poor treatment from Guards.
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20
Q

Bulletpoint the setup for Milgram’s experiment on Obedience.

A
  • Participant was always the Teacher and Confederate was always the Learner (rigged Hat draw).
  • Learner was in a seperate room from the Teacher and was strapped to a chair with electrodes attached.
  • Learner had to answer questions testing Memory & Teacher had to deliver an electric shock if Learner answered incorrectly.
  • Shocks ranged from 15v to 450v.
  • Teacher was unaware that the shocks were fake.
21
Q

How were Partcipants Deceived in Milgram’s Obedience Experiment?

A
  • Participants were told it was a Memory study (however it was really a test for Obedience).
22
Q

What were the Results in Milgram’s Obedience Experiment?

A
  • All participants continued to 300V
  • 12.5% stopped at 300V
  • 65% continued all the way to 450V
23
Q

Who conducted Supporting Reasearch for Milgram’s Obedience Experiment?

A

Hofling et al.

24
Q

What were the results of Hofling’s Study?

A
  • 21 out of 22 nurses Obeyed orders taken over the phone from “Dr Smith” to prescribe double the Maximum dosage of an unfamiliar drug to a (confederate) Patient.
25
Q

What are the 3 Situational Variables affecting Obedience (Milgram) ?

A
  • Proximity
  • Location
  • Uniform
26
Q

What was the Obedience Rate in the original Milgram experiment?

A

62.5%

27
Q

What was the Obedience Rate when the Teacher was in the same room as the Learner (closer Proximity) ?

A

40%

28
Q

What was the Obedience Rate when Milgram’s Experiment took place in a run-down office (Less Prestiguous Location) ?

A

47.6%

29
Q

What was the Obedience Rate when the Experimenter was wearing normal clothes (rather than a Lab Coat) ?

A

20%

30
Q

Who conducted supporting research for Uniform affecting Obedience ?

A

Bickman

31
Q

What were the results of Bickman’s experiment?

A
  • Obedience rate in suit = 19%
  • Obedience rate in Milkman uniform = 14%
  • Obedience rate for Security Guard = 38%
32
Q

What is the Agentic State?

A
  • Agentic State is a state of mind where an Individual believes they are NOT responsible for an action.
33
Q

What is the Autonomous State?

A
  • The Autonomous State is a state of mind where an Individual feels fully responsible for their actions.
34
Q

What is Legitimacy of Authority?

A

Legitimacy of Authority is the idea that individuals accept that other individuals who are higher up in the Social Hierarchy should be Obeyed.

35
Q

How does Milgram’s Experiment demonstrate the power of Legitimacy of Authority?

A

The Experimenter occupied a high level in the Social Hierarchy, due to having an extensive education.

36
Q

How does Milgram’s Experiment demonstrate the Agentic state?

A

Participants would often continue delivering shocks to the Learner once the Experimenter clarified that he was responsible.

37
Q

What is the Agentic Shift?

A

The Agentic Shift refers to the shift from the Autonomous state to the Agentic state.

38
Q

Who came up with the F scale?

A

Adorno

39
Q

What is the F scale?

A
  • The F scale is a questionnaire
  • It aims to measure how Authoritarian an individual is.
40
Q

What were the Characteristics of individuals that scored high on the F scale?

A
  • Showed high respect for people of higher social status
  • Had fixed stereotypes for other groups
  • Inflexible/dogmatic
  • Identified with ‘strong’ people and disliked ‘weak’ people
41
Q

What did Elmes & Milgram find?

A

Those that shocked to the full 450V scored higher on the F scale than those that refused to continue.

42
Q

What is the Authoritarian Personality?

A

The Authoritarian Personality refers to a person who has extreme respect for Authority, and is more likely to be obedient to those of a higher social status.

43
Q

What is Social Support?

A
  • Social Support is when a person sees another individual resisting pressures to conform.
  • This makes it easier for that person to also resist the pressure to conform.
44
Q

Who came up with the Locus of Control?

A

Rotter

45
Q

What does someone with a High Internal LOC believe?

A

An individual with a High Internal LOC believes they are fully in control of their life and that their actions dictate their life events.

46
Q

What does someone with High External LOC believe?

A

An individual with a High External LOC believes that external forces dictate their life (such as other people, fate or the government).

47
Q

What 3 attributes must a Minority adopt to make change?

A
  • Consistency
  • Commitment
  • Flexibility
48
Q

What is the Augmentation Principle?

A

The Augmentation Principle is the idea that Minorities are more convinving if they have made a sacrifice (links in to commitment)

49
Q

What is Social Cryptoamnesia?

A
  • Social Cryptoamnesia is where individuals who previously held the now unpopular view refuse to admit they held that view.
  • Or they refuse to admit they resisted the new view when it was still small.