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PSYCHOLOGY > Approaches In Psychology > Flashcards

Approaches In Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Classical Conditioning?

A
  • Learning by Association
  • Neutral stimulus (NS) is constantly paired with Uncondtioned Stimulus (UCS) so the NS eventually becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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2
Q

Stimulus Generalisation?

A
  • When a Conditioned Response happens when Similar Stimuli are presented.
  • (e.g Little Albert had the same response towards White Rats as a Santa Mask).
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3
Q

Operant Conditioning?

A
  • Learning by Trial and Error
  • (Reinforcement & Punishment)
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4
Q

Who demonstrated Operant Conditioning & how?

A
  • Skinner
  • Rats learned by trial and error that pushing a lever got them a food pellet (Positive Reinforcement)
  • Rats learned that pushing a lever would stop the floor of the cage being electrocuted for 30 seconds (Negative Reinforcement)
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5
Q

Types of Reinforcement + definitions?

A
  • Positive Reinforcement = Adding a Desirable stimulus to Increase Behaviour.
  • Negative Reinforcement = Removing an Unpleasant stimulus to Increase Behaviour.
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6
Q

Types of Punishment + definitions?

A
  • Positive Punishment = Adding an Unpleasant stimulus to Decrease Behaviour
  • Negative Punishment = Removing a Desirable stimulus to Decrease Behaviour.
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7
Q

What is Extinction?

A
  • The Idea that stopping Reinforcement will result in the Desirable Behaviour Stopping over time.
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8
Q

What Debates does the Behaviourist Approach side with?

A
  • Determinism (Environmentally Deterministic)
  • Nurture
  • Reductionism (Environmentally Reductionist)
  • Nomothetic
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9
Q

What are the 2 Learning Approaches?

A
  • Behaviourist Approach
  • Social Learning Theory
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9
Q

What Is Introspection?

A
  • The self-examination of one’s own internal mental processes.
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10
Q

What does the SLT agree with and disagree with from the Behaviourist approach?

A
  • Agrees that Behaviour is learnt from experience/environment
  • Disagrees with the Behaviourist approach’s Idea to ignore Internal Mental Processes.
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11
Q

What are the steps to learning according to the Social Learning Theory?

A
  • Imitiation
  • Modelling
  • Identification
  • Mediational Processes
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12
Q

What is Imitation (SLT) ?

A
  • Imitation is the idea that individuals observe others behaviour.
  • If the behaviour they observe is rewarded, they are more likely to reproduce the behaviour (Vicarious Reinforcement)
  • If the behaviour they observe is punsished, they are more likely to not replicate that behaviour (Vicarious Punishment)
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13
Q

What is Modelling (SLT) ?

A
  • Modelling is the idea that others act as Blueprints for our behaviour.
  • Can be real people or from TV show
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14
Q

What is Identification (SLT) ?

A
  • Identification is the idea that Models with characteristics we relate to (e.g age, gender) we are more likely to Imitate.
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15
Q

What are the 4 Mediational Processes (SLT) ?

A
  • Attention = We notice the behaviour.
  • Retention = We remember the behaviour.
  • Reproduction = Whether we are able to perform the behaviour.
  • Motivation = Whether the rewards for performing the behaviour outweigh the costs.
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16
Q

Outline Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment.

A
  • 72 3-5 year olds
  • Children matched before experiment on levels of Aggression (matched pairs)
  • Control group watched video of Adults acting non-aggressively towards Bobo Doll
  • Experimental group watched video of Adults acting Aggressively towards Bobo Doll
  • Children from both groups were let in to a room with a Bobo Doll individually
  • Control group children acted Non-aggressively towards Bobo Doll
  • Experimental group acted Aggressively towards Bobo Doll
  • Imitation was even stronger if Adult was the same gender as the Child (Indentification)
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17
Q

What does the Cognitive Approach suggest about Behaviour?

A
  • Behaviour is a result of Conscious and Unconscious thoughts.
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18
Q

What are Internal Mental Processes?

A

Internal Mental Processes are a series of Stages of Mental Information Processing.

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19
Q

What is the Computer Model?

A
  • A model created by the Cognitive Approach which suggests the brain & mind work like a Computer.
  • The brain is the CPU (hardware) and the mind acts as Software that runs on the CPU.
  • The brain also has inputs (senses) and outputs (behaviour) like a Computer.
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20
Q

What are Schemas?

A
  • Schemas are Cognitive Mental Frameworks of how we believe objects/people work.
21
Q

Role of Schema?

A
  • Schema reduce large amounts of Stimuli into less Overhwelming information by making Assumptions which require less thinking power.
22
Q

How are Schemas formed?

A
  • Schemas are formed as a result of prior experience.
23
Q

What are Inferences (Cognitive Approach) ?

A
  • Inferences refer to when researchers go beyond observable behaviour to make assumptions on how underlying Mental Processes could have contributed to the behaviour produced.
24
Q

Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience?

A
  • Refers to the development of new Brain-Scanning techniques (e.g FMRI) which have allowed scientists to make direct links to thought processes and Brain activity.
  • Providing Neuro-biological support to theories such as the WMM.
25
Q

What does the Biological Approach suggest about Behaviour?

A
  • The Biological Approach states that Behaviour is a result of physical processes in the body.
  • Such as Neural Activity in the Brain and Hormonal factors.
  • These processes are inherited genitally (evolutionary pressure).
26
Q

How is the ‘Influence of Genes on Behaviour’ demonstrated?

A
  • The Influence of Genes on Behaviour is demonstrated by Twin and Family studies.
  • These studies have shown that the risk of disorders (e.g Depression, OCD) increase significantly the more closely related an individual is to a sufferer (i.e the more genes they share with the sufferer).
27
Q

How does the structure of the Brain Influence behaviour (Biological Approach) ?

A
  • Different areas in the brain are associated with different behaviours.
  • Brain structure is partly inherited therefore behaviour is partly inherited too.
28
Q

How does Neurochemistry influence behaviour (Biological Approach) ?

A
  • Neurotransmitters such as Seretonin and dopamine can influence brain functioning.
  • Hence Imbalances in Neurotransmitters can result in a change in brain activity and therefore behaviour.
29
Q

What is Parsimony?

A
  • Parsimony is the idea that complex phenomena should be explained in the simplest way possible.
  • This idea came about by scientists.
30
Q

Diathesis Stress Explanation?

A
  • The Diathesis Stress Explanation suggests that Mental Disorders are as a result of a pre-existing vulnerability (Gene) paired with an environmental stressor (personal loss, drug use etc).
31
Q

What is the Focus of the Psychodynamic Approach?

A
  • The Psychodynamic Approach focuses on the role of Unconscious processes in shaping behaviour.
  • These processes are thought to form during early childhood experiences.
32
Q

What are the 3 aspects of the Mind (Psycodynamic Approach) ?

A
  • Conscious
  • Subconscious
  • Unconscious
33
Q

What is the Conscious aspect of the mind?

A
  • The Conscious mind refers to what we are aware of.
34
Q

What is the Subconscious aspect of the mind?

A
  • The Subconscious mind refers to thoughts/memories that can be recalled, but are not currently in Conscious Awareness.
35
Q

What does the Unconscious aspect of the mind contain?

A
  • The Unconscious mind contains Socially unacceptable thoughts, traumatic events, painful emotions and so on.
36
Q

Describe the Structure of Personality.

A
  • The Structure of Personality consists of the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO.
  • The ID (Pleasure principle) is present from birth, focuses on satisfying its own needs.
  • The EGO (Reality principle) develops from 2 years, balances the ID and SUPEREGO with rational thoughts
  • The SUPEREGO (Morality principle) develops from 3 to 5 years, focuses on obeying learnt rules of society and uses guilt.
37
Q

What are the 3 Defence Mechanisms?

A
  • Denial
  • Repression
  • Displacement
38
Q

What is Denial?

A
  • Denial is when an individual refuses to accept the reality of a situation.
39
Q

What is Repression?

A
  • Repression is where a memory (usually traumatic) is made inaccessible to Consciousness)
40
Q

What is Displacement?

A
  • Displacement is where emotions are moved from the source that caused them, to a more appropiate target.
41
Q

What are the 5 Psychosexual stages in order (and when they occur) ?

A
  • Oral (0-18 months)
  • Anal (18 months - 3 years)
  • Phallic (3-6 years)
  • Latent (6 years - puberty)
  • Genital (puberty - Adult)
42
Q

What is the consequence of Fixation?

A
  • Fixation at any stage can result in Adult Psychological Disorders.
43
Q

What does the Humanistic Approach focus on + why was it developed?

A
  • The Humanistic Approach focuses on Personal growth
  • It was developed to create a more positive approach as the other approaches focus on negative aspects.
44
Q

Is the Humanistic Approach Deterministic or Free will?

A

Free will

45
Q

Self Actualisation?

A
  • Self Actualisation refers to the point where an individual has reached their full potential.
46
Q

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in order? (starting from the bottom)

A
  • Physical (survival) needs
  • Safety
  • Love and Belonging
  • Self Esteem
  • Self Actualisation
47
Q

What does Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs suggest?

A
  • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs suggests Individuals must achieve more basic needs until they are able to Self Actualise.
48
Q

Congruence? (Humanistic Approach)

A
  • Congruence refers to how close an Individuals Self Image and Ideal Self are.
49
Q

Incongruence? (Humanistic Approach)

A
  • Incongruence refers to when an Individuals ‘Self Image’ and ‘Ideal Self’ are far apart.
50
Q

Conditions of Worth?

A
  • Conditions of Worth refers to the requirements an Individual feel they need to meet in order to be loved.
51
Q

How does Client Centred Therapy work? (Humanistic Counselling)

A
  • Therapist attempts to help the client achieve Congruence.
  • Therapist gives Client Unconditional Positive Regard.
  • The Client is considered the ‘expert’ responsible for resolving their problems.

PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

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