Approaches In Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Classical Conditioning?

A
  • Learning by Association
  • Neutral stimulus (NS) is constantly paired with Uncondtioned Stimulus (UCS) so the NS eventually becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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2
Q

Stimulus Generalisation?

A
  • When a Conditioned Response happens when Similar Stimuli are presented.
  • (e.g Little Albert had the same response towards White Rats as a Santa Mask).
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3
Q

Operant Conditioning?

A
  • Learning by Trial and Error
  • (Reinforcement & Punishment)
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4
Q

Who demonstrated Operant Conditioning & how?

A
  • Skinner
  • Rats learned by trial and error that pushing a lever got them a food pellet (Positive Reinforcement)
  • Rats learned that pushing a lever would stop the floor of the cage being electrocuted for 30 seconds (Negative Reinforcement)
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5
Q

Types of Reinforcement + definitions?

A
  • Positive Reinforcement = Adding a Desirable stimulus to Increase Behaviour.
  • Negative Reinforcement = Removing an Unpleasant stimulus to Increase Behaviour.
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6
Q

Types of Punishment + definitions?

A
  • Positive Punishment = Adding an Unpleasant stimulus to Decrease Behaviour
  • Negative Punishment = Removing a Desirable stimulus to Decrease Behaviour.
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7
Q

What is Extinction?

A
  • The Idea that stopping Reinforcement will result in the Desirable Behaviour Stopping over time.
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8
Q

What Debates does the Behaviourist Approach side with?

A
  • Determinism (Environmentally Deterministic)
  • Nurture
  • Reductionism (Environmentally Reductionist)
  • Nomothetic
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9
Q

What are the 2 Learning Approaches?

A
  • Behaviourist Approach
  • Social Learning Theory
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9
Q

What Is Introspection?

A
  • The self-examination of one’s own internal mental processes.
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10
Q

What does the SLT agree with and disagree with from the Behaviourist approach?

A
  • Agrees that Behaviour is learnt from experience/environment
  • Disagrees with the Behaviourist approach’s Idea to ignore Internal Mental Processes.
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11
Q

What are the steps to learning according to the Social Learning Theory?

A
  • Imitiation
  • Modelling
  • Identification
  • Mediational Processes
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12
Q

What is Imitation (SLT) ?

A
  • Imitation is the idea that individuals observe others behaviour.
  • If the behaviour they observe is rewarded, they are more likely to reproduce the behaviour (Vicarious Reinforcement)
  • If the behaviour they observe is punsished, they are more likely to not replicate that behaviour (Vicarious Punishment)
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13
Q

What is Modelling (SLT) ?

A
  • Modelling is the idea that others act as Blueprints for our behaviour.
  • Can be real people or from TV show
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14
Q

What is Identification (SLT) ?

A
  • Identification is the idea that Models with characteristics we relate to (e.g age, gender) we are more likely to Imitate.
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15
Q

What are the 4 Mediational Processes (SLT) ?

A
  • Attention = We notice the behaviour.
  • Retention = We remember the behaviour.
  • Reproduction = Whether we are able to perform the behaviour.
  • Motivation = Whether the rewards for performing the behaviour outweigh the costs.
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16
Q

Outline Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment.

A
  • 72 3-5 year olds
  • Children matched before experiment on levels of Aggression (matched pairs)
  • Control group watched video of Adults acting non-aggressively towards Bobo Doll
  • Experimental group watched video of Adults acting Aggressively towards Bobo Doll
  • Children from both groups were let in to a room with a Bobo Doll individually
  • Control group children acted Non-aggressively towards Bobo Doll
  • Experimental group acted Aggressively towards Bobo Doll
  • Imitation was even stronger if Adult was the same gender as the Child (Indentification)
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17
Q

What does the Cognitive Approach suggest about Behaviour?

A
  • Behaviour is a result of Conscious and Unconscious thoughts.
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18
Q

What are Internal Mental Processes?

A

Internal Mental Processes are a series of Stages of Mental Information Processing.

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19
Q

What is the Computer Model?

A
  • A model created by the Cognitive Approach which suggests the brain & mind work like a Computer.
  • The brain is the CPU (hardware) and the mind acts as Software that runs on the CPU.
  • The brain also has inputs (senses) and outputs (behaviour) like a Computer.
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20
Q

What are Schemas?

A
  • Schemas are Cognitive Mental Frameworks of how we believe objects/people work.
21
Q

Role of Schema?

A
  • Schema reduce large amounts of Stimuli into less Overhwelming information by making Assumptions which require less thinking power.
22
Q

How are Schemas formed?

A
  • Schemas are formed as a result of prior experience.
23
Q

What are Inferences (Cognitive Approach) ?

A
  • Inferences refer to when researchers go beyond observable behaviour to make assumptions on how underlying Mental Processes could have contributed to the behaviour produced.
24
Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience?
- Refers to the development of new Brain-Scanning techniques (e.g FMRI) which have allowed scientists to make direct links to thought processes and Brain activity. - Providing Neuro-biological support to theories such as the WMM.
25
What does the Biological Approach suggest about Behaviour?
- The Biological Approach states that Behaviour is a result of physical processes in the body. - Such as Neural Activity in the Brain and Hormonal factors. - These processes are inherited genitally (evolutionary pressure).
26
How is the 'Influence of Genes on Behaviour' demonstrated?
- The Influence of Genes on Behaviour is demonstrated by Twin and Family studies. - These studies have shown that the risk of disorders (e.g Depression, OCD) increase significantly the more closely related an individual is to a sufferer (i.e the more genes they share with the sufferer).
27
How does the structure of the Brain Influence behaviour (Biological Approach) ?
- Different areas in the brain are associated with different behaviours. - Brain structure is partly inherited therefore behaviour is partly inherited too.
28
How does Neurochemistry influence behaviour (Biological Approach) ?
- Neurotransmitters such as Seretonin and dopamine can influence brain functioning. - Hence Imbalances in Neurotransmitters can result in a change in brain activity and therefore behaviour.
29
What is Parsimony?
- Parsimony is the idea that complex phenomena should be explained in the simplest way possible. - This idea came about by scientists.
30
Diathesis Stress Explanation?
- The Diathesis Stress Explanation suggests that Mental Disorders are as a result of a pre-existing vulnerability (Gene) paired with an environmental stressor (personal loss, drug use etc).
31
What is the Focus of the Psychodynamic Approach?
- The Psychodynamic Approach focuses on the role of Unconscious processes in shaping behaviour. - These processes are thought to form during early childhood experiences.
32
What are the 3 aspects of the Mind (Psycodynamic Approach) ?
- Conscious - Subconscious - Unconscious
33
What is the Conscious aspect of the mind?
- The Conscious mind refers to what we are aware of.
34
What is the Subconscious aspect of the mind?
- The Subconscious mind refers to thoughts/memories that can be recalled, but are not currently in Conscious Awareness.
35
What does the Unconscious aspect of the mind contain?
- The Unconscious mind contains Socially unacceptable thoughts, traumatic events, painful emotions and so on.
36
Describe the Structure of Personality.
- The Structure of Personality consists of the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. - The ID (Pleasure principle) is present from birth, focuses on satisfying its own needs. - The EGO (Reality principle) develops from 2 years, balances the ID and SUPEREGO with rational thoughts - The SUPEREGO (Morality principle) develops from 3 to 5 years, focuses on obeying learnt rules of society and uses guilt.
37
What are the 3 Defence Mechanisms?
- Denial - Repression - Displacement
38
What is Denial?
- Denial is when an individual refuses to accept the reality of a situation.
39
What is Repression?
- Repression is where a memory (usually traumatic) is made inaccessible to Consciousness)
40
What is Displacement?
- Displacement is where emotions are moved from the source that caused them, to a more appropiate target.
41
What are the 5 Psychosexual stages in order (and when they occur) ?
- Oral (0-18 months) - Anal (18 months - 3 years) - Phallic (3-6 years) - Latent (6 years - puberty) - Genital (puberty - Adult)
42
What is the consequence of Fixation?
- Fixation at any stage can result in Adult Psychological Disorders.
43
What does the Humanistic Approach focus on + why was it developed?
- The Humanistic Approach focuses on Personal growth - It was developed to create a more positive approach as the other approaches focus on negative aspects.
44
Is the Humanistic Approach Deterministic or Free will?
Free will
45
Self Actualisation?
- Self Actualisation refers to the point where an individual has reached their full potential.
46
What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in order? (starting from the bottom)
- Physical (survival) needs - Safety - Love and Belonging - Self Esteem - Self Actualisation
47
What does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggest?
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggests Individuals must achieve more basic needs until they are able to Self Actualise.
48
Congruence? (Humanistic Approach)
- Congruence refers to how close an Individuals Self Image and Ideal Self are.
49
Incongruence? (Humanistic Approach)
- Incongruence refers to when an Individuals 'Self Image' and 'Ideal Self' are far apart.
50
Conditions of Worth?
- Conditions of Worth refers to the requirements an Individual feel they need to meet in order to be loved.
51
How does Client Centred Therapy work? (Humanistic Counselling)
- Therapist attempts to help the client achieve Congruence. - Therapist gives Client Unconditional Positive Regard. - The Client is considered the 'expert' responsible for resolving their problems.