Social Influence

Question 1

Social Influence
Definition and Types

Answer 1

Attitudes and Behavior are inluenced by others

1. structural
   quality and quantity of social ties
2. funtional
   e.g. emotional, instrumental or informational
3. normative
   perception of others

Question 2

Types of Social Influence and their impact on health

Answer 2

1. Structural
   more friends = better mental and physical health, less pain
2. Functional
   support for (un-) healthy lifestyle choices
3. Normative
   as guidance for the own behavior and through social comparison

Question 3

Social Ties

Answer 3

Influence our (health) behavior, function as buffer
Categorized by levels of Closeness (primary and secondary)
Opposite = Social Isolation & Loneliness

Question 4

4 Example mechanisms of social influence

Answer 4

1. Social facilitation (implicit)
   The presence of others influences or behavior
2. modeling (implicit)
3. Impression Management (explicit)
4. Norms (explicit)

Question 5

Effect of Norms by Thomas Theorem

Answer 5

If norm is perceived as real, then consequences of normative behavior are perceived as real

Question 6

Social Determinants of Health

Answer 6

Conditions ppl are born, grow and live in.
1. SES
2. Stress
3. Early Life
4. Social exclusion
5. work
6. (un) emploement
7. social support
8. Addiciton
9. Food
10. Transport

Question 7

Interventions starting point

Answer 7

1. Structural
   Basic Income, Infrastructure, Education, Healthcare
2. Personal
   Reserve capacity model (physical, psychological & social strength)

Question 8

Reserve capacity model

Answer 8

Psychological & Social Resources = Reserve capacity => influencing
1. Experience (stress)
2. Emotions
3. Behavior
4. Mediates SES effects
5. Health
Examples: Hope, Optimism, Efficacy & Resilience

Question 9

Equality or Equity

Answer 9

Equality = Everyone gets the same
Equity = Everyone gets what she/he needs

Question 10

Levels of closeness

Answer 10

1. Primary level
2. secondary level

Question 11

Impact of mechanisms of social influence on health

Answer 11

1. Social facilitation –> risk-taking
2. Model –> education
3. Impression management –> negative health outcomes when far away from own self
4. Norms –> depending on the groups we belong to

Question 12

Stereotype threat

Answer 12

Fear of confirming a stereotype –> can lead to lower performance

Question 13

The foundation of social exclusion and consequences

Answer 13

Ethnicity, religion, sexual preferences, and gender
Stress, drug abuse or anxiety

Question 14

SES & Health

Answer 14

1. Obesity (access to food & physical activity)
2. Health care (access to health insurance)
3. Living environment (criminality, pollution and advertisement)

Question 15

Types of social support that mediate the effect of Poverty to Health

Answer 15

1. Individual
2. Relational (parental support, relationships)
3. Institutional (education system)

Question 16

What sorts of systematic support can lower the “SES impact”

Answer 16

1. Childhood allowance
2. Tax credits
3. Income supplement

Question 17

Exposure-Disease-Stress Model

Answer 17

Vulnerability for stressor

Question 18

Use the reserve capacity model to describe the connections made by the model

Answer 18

1. reserve capacity = social and psychological resources
   - financially secure, social inclusion, parental support
2. Lead to better coping with stress = less sensitivity to terminations
3. Lead to better behavior = e.g. better eating behavior
4. Lead to better health = e.g. blood pressure

Question 19

Stress-exposure framework

Answer 19

1. Race/ethnicity
   connects to
2. Neighbourhood Resources - Community stressors - structural factors
   result in (or not)
3. Community Stress
   has an influence on
4. coping ability - individual stressor - appraisal process
   result in (or not)
5. Individual stress
   which influences
6. Health