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Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

State the steps of social change to minority influence

A
  1. Draw attention to the issue
  2. Cognitive conflict
  3. Consistency of position
  4. The augmentation principle
  5. The snowball effect
    (6. Social cryptomnesia)
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2
Q

Explain “ drawing the attention to the issue”

A

Minorities need to make the majority aware of the issue through various means; political, educational and militant

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3
Q

Explain “cognitive conflict”

A

The minority causes the majority to think about the issue by challenging their view. Some people will simply dismiss the minority view, others will move towards the minority position.

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4
Q

Explain “consistency of position”

A

The minority is most effective if the members are consistent in their argument, both over time & with each other

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5
Q

Explain the “augmentation principle”

A

Suffering for a cause makes people seem more committed to it, therefor strengthening (augments) the argument

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6
Q

Explain “the snowball effect”

A

Minority influence starts small, but begins to spread until it reaches a tipping point where the minority view becomes the majority view

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7
Q

Explain “social cryptomnesia”

A

A cognitive bias experienced by whole cultures following social change. Dissociating the accomplishments of the minority from the minority

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8
Q

Give examples of social change

A
  1. Suffragette movement
  2. LGBTQ+ marriage rights
  3. Abolition of slavery
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9
Q

Give an example of social cryptomnesia

A

When somebody believes that the suffragettes were pretentious man-haters, but that women should have the right to vote

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10
Q

Explain consistency in relation to minority influence

A

Consistency is when the minority does not change their viewpoint forcing the majority to rethink their views. This consistency can be synchronic (between the group) or diachronic ( over time)

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11
Q

Explain flexibility in relation to minority influence

A

If the minority is too rigid and unwilling to compromise the majority will find it off putting. Minorities must be consistent but open to discussion

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12
Q

Explain flexibility in relation to minority influence

A

When a minority sticks to its views despite negative reactions and suffering, this impresses the majority and shows the importance of this viewpoint. (Links to the augmentation principle)

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13
Q

What was the name of Philip Zimbardo’s experiment

A

Stanford prison experiment

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14
Q

What type of conformity does the SPE show

A

Internalisation

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15
Q

explain locus of control

A
  1. if a person has an external locus of control they believe behaviour is caused by outside factors eg, fate.
  2. if a person has an internal locus of control they believe behaviour is caused by our own decisions and efforts
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16
Q

whose theory is “locus of control” (give date)

A

Rotter- 1996

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17
Q

define social support

A

The perception that we have a assistance or backing from other people

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18
Q

Explain how social support helps resistance to conformity

A
  1. social support break unanimity

2. disobedient person can act as a role model

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19
Q

state 3 factors that affect obedience

A
  1. Proximity
  2. Uniform
  3. Location
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20
Q

state the BPS ethical guidelines

A
  1. Informed consent
  2. Right to withdraw
  3. Deception
  4. Risk
  5. Confidentiality
  6. Debrief
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21
Q

how did location affect Milgram’s experiment

A

Obedience dropped when the study was moved away from the prestigious Yale University

22
Q

how did proximity affect Milgram’s experiment

A

When the learner was in the same room as the teacher, obedience dropped to 40%. When the teacher had to hold the learner’s hand onto an electric plate, this dropped to 30%

23
Q

how did uniform affect Milgram’s experiment

A

When the lab-coat wearing experimenter was replaced by somebody in ordinary clothes, obedience dropped to 20%

24
Q

state 3 examples of minority influence

A
  1. suffragettes
  2. LGBTQ+ rights
  3. Abolition of slavery
25
Q

Define internalisation

A

permanently adopting the behaviours or attitudes of the group, both publicly
and privately, because we have come to see this as
the right way to be

26
Q

Define identification

A

Changing your attitudes or behaviour to conform to a particular role. The change will last as long as the person identifies with that role.

27
Q

Define compliance

A

Changing our public attitudes or behaviour only when the majority group is present,
without any private change in behaviour

28
Q

Define normative social influence

A

Normative influence occurs when we adjust our public behaviour or opinions in order to gain the approval of our social group.

29
Q

Define informational social influence

A

Informational influence occurs when we have doubts

about our own perception or understanding of a situation, so we look to others to guide us.

30
Q

what were Asch’s findings

A

Over 12 critical trials the overall rate of conformity was 33%

31
Q

how did Asch know it was conformity that made the participants give the wrong answers

A
  1. control group made less than 1% errors
  2. In interviews afterwards, most
    participants said that they knew they
    were giving a wrong answer
32
Q

state the variations on Asch’s experiment/ The variables that affect conformity

A
  1. group size
  2. unanimity
  3. difficulty of task
33
Q

explain group size in relation to Asch’s experiment

A

The size of the majority has an effect
with up to three people, but any more people after
three won’t make any more difference.

34
Q

explain unanimity in relation to Asch’s experiment

A

It is important that the majority is united. If

one of the confederates in the group gave the correct answer instead, then this greatly lowered the rate of conformity.

35
Q

explain difficulty in relation to Asch’s experiment

A

People are more likely to conform when they

are unsure of the correct answer, so if a task is difficult then rates of conformity will increase

36
Q

evaluate Asch’s experiment (date)

A

1950s was a particularly conformist era. Later replications have shown much lower rates of conformity

37
Q

evaluate Asch’s experiment (culture)

A

individualist cultures (Europe/US) have
lower rates of conformity than collectivist
cultures (Africa/Asia) where conformity is
encouraged

38
Q

evaluate Asch’s experiment (statistics)

A

33% conformity- most of the time people did not conform, and 25% did not conform at all, so
the study actually shows more independent
behaviour than conformity

39
Q

state 2 ethical issues with zimbardo’s experiment

A
  1. lack of fully informed consent by participants- The prisoners did not consent to being ‘arrested’ at home
  2. Participants playing the role of prisoners were not protected from psychological harm, experiencing incidents of humiliation and distress.
40
Q

explain demand characteristics in relation to Zimbardo

A

Most of the guards later claimed they were simply acting. Because the guards and prisoners were playing a role, their behaviour may not be influenced by the same factors which affect behaviour in real life.

41
Q

define agentic state

A

believing we have no personal responsibility because we are acting for an authority figure

42
Q

define agentic shift

A

when we recognise someone as having authority, so

we change from an autonomous to an agentic state

43
Q

what are binding factors

A

the reasons people stay in an agentic state eg. sense

of commitment, fear of consequences, politeness, denying how bad their actions are

44
Q

define legitimate authority

A

A legitimate authority is someone who appears to fit our expectations of who should be in charge

45
Q

define authoritarian personality

A

People with authoritarian personalities have traditional values and a rigid sense of hierarchy, are prejudiced against other races, and see things in a black-and-white way

46
Q

what did Milgram & Elms do in 1966

A

Interviewed 40 participants from Milgram’s original studies to find out if Adorno’s F-scale was correct

47
Q

Are authoritarian personalities more or less likely to administer the 450v shock

A

More likely

48
Q

how does social support help us resist pressure

A

social support breaks the unanimity

49
Q

state (the basics) of Moscovici et al experiment and the results

A

(4 participants, 2 confederates blue slides that confederates called green)
if confederates were consistent participants were more likely to call them green than if the confederates were inconsistent

50
Q

Agentic state or cruelty… Evaluate

A

Whilst Agentic shift is one explanation for obedience in the STE, another is that it was due to a fundamental desire to inflict harm to others. An opportunity seized in the STE

51
Q

social context or personality… Evaluate

A

Milgram showed that situational factors were the primary cause of differences in participants obedience levels

52
Q

Rees, Wallace and social influence

A

Rees and Wallace showed that social support plays an important role in the resistance to social influence, in a study that showed that people were able to resist pressures to consume alcohol if another non-drinker was present

Psychology (8 decks)

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