Social inequality Flashcards
Give 3 examples of evidence of social class inequality in education
- Smith and Noble: poor parents can’t afford additional resources
- Gillborn & Youdell: labeling and lower setting of those from w/c backgrounds
- Calendar and Jackson: fear of debt and university
Give 3 examples of evidence of social class inequality in the workplace
- ‘Fat Cat Day’: top CEOs make yearly salary within the first days of the year
- Ashley: elite jobs want polished candidates
-Sutton Trust: 61% of doctors come from independent schools
Give 3 examples of evidence of ethnic inequality in education
- Gillborn and Youdell: racialized expectations from many teachers led to black students often being placed in lower sets
-Mirza: teachers discouraged black students from being ambitious
-Coard: UK curriculum focusses on white Britishness
Give 3 examples of evidence of ethnic inequality in crime
-MacPherson Report (1999) and Lammy Report (2017)– institutional racism in the police
-Phillips and Bowlings (2007): Minority ethnic communities are likelier to feel ‘over-policed and under-protected’.
-OCS (2024)- Black people were 2.2 times more likely to be arrested than white people.
Give 3 examples of evidence of Gender inequality in the family
-Duncombe and Marsden- women and the triple shift.
-Edgell- males= important decision-making role
-Nazroo- Wives often live in fear of men’s potential violence or threat
Give 3 examples of evidence of Gender inequality in the workplace
-Women & Work Commission: Women are disproportionately clustered (Cleaning, caring, catering, cashiering, and clerical).
-Equality and Humans Rights Commission 2018- approx. 54000 women forced out of jobs due to pregnancy
-Fawcett Society: gender pay gap = -11% in 2024
Give 3 examples of evidence of Age inequality in healthcare
-Age UK- lack of expenditure in health for the elderly.
-Hockey & James- found that the elderly are ‘infantilized’.
-Greengross - views on ‘good innings’ and if someone is over that age, additional medical interventions won’t be considered.
Functionalist perspective of Social class inequality
Durkheim- A division of labor is needed for social order/function.
Parsons- Inequality is inevitable, a consequence of meritocracy.
Give 3 examples of evidence of Age inequality in the workplace
Ray- employers assume lower competence from older workers.
Bertolini et al (2012)- Young people are seen as lazy
TUC report (2023)- Young people are more likely to be on zero-hour contracts.
New Right perspectives of Social class inequality
Murray- underclass (inadequate socialisation and motivation)
Marsland- welfare state - less self-reliance and initiative
Saunders- the culture of fatalism
Marxist perspectives on Social class inequality
Althusser- ideological/repressive state apparatus maintains inequality and creates obedience
Bowles & Gintis- myth of meritocracy/correspondence principle
Weberian perspectives on Social class inequality
Weber- Class: low market position, status: low standing in society, party: no power/backing
Barron & Norris- Dual market theory (primary and secondary labor market)
Feminist perspectives on Social class inequality
Benston- Women oppressed by capitalism
Coontz & Henderson- Capitalism=patriarchy
Postmodernist perspectives on Social class inequality
Pakulski & Waters- liberation from class background
Polhemus- individualism rather than class groupings today
Functionalist perspective of Ethnic inequality
Parsons- Inequalities will continue until assimilation
Patterson- Host-immigrant model (fear, resentment, assimilation)
Marxist perspectives on Ethnic inequality
Castles & Kosack- Divide and rule. The reserve army of labor
Cox- Colonialism: justification of exploitation
New Right perspectives of Ethnic inequality
Murray- Underclass and inadequate socialization (Sewell support- lone parents mothers)
Saunders- Culture of fatalism
Weberian perspectives of Ethnic inequality
Barron & Norris- Dual market theory (primary and secondary labor market)
Rex & Tomlinson- marginalisation & segregation
Feminist perspectives on Ethnic inequality
Peterson & Rutherfurd- double colonialism
Postmodernist perspectives on Ethnic inequality
Bauman- Lifestyle and culture rather than class/ethnicity
Polhemus- Individualism
Radical feminist perspectives on Gender inequality
Firestone- Freedom from reproduction is needed or women will always be subject to patriarchy.
Stanko- Sexual harassment at the hands of men
Functionalism & New Right perspectives on Gender inequality
Parsons- Gender differences as functional: expressive vs instrumental roles (Schafly: this can be positive for women as their roles are important)
Murray- Biology- decline of traditional nuclear families=problems
Marxist feminist perspectives on Gender inequality
Ansley- ‘Takers of shit’: absorb frustrations of men from the workplace
Benston- Reserve army of labor (women used to fill gaps/ 5C jobs)
Liberal feminist perspectives on Gender inequality
Oakley- Strive for inequality- some positive changes e.g. Equal Pay Act. Focus on socialization/canalization to improve further.
McRobbie- Slimblondeness: media contributes to the representation of women.
