social inequalities, social class, kmr paper 2 key words Flashcards
life chances
people chance of achieving positive or negative outcomes. some people have restricted life chances because of their ranking in society
social class
- a form of stratification important in British society
- people sharing a similar economic position based on income
- wisp
- sociologists state that social classes also share similar norms, values, lifestyles, attitudes, belief systems and culture and tastes
economic dimension
can be measured by wealth, income and occupation
political dimension
measured by status and power
cultural dimension
can be measured by lifestyles, values, beliefs, norms and level of education
blue collar work
working class jobs eg. electrical, plumber
occupation
job or profession
non manual work
using your brain eg. office
manual work
up on your feet eg. builder, bricklayer
white collar work
middle class jobs eg. manager
poverty
the state of one who lacks an unusual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions
necessities
things necessary to survive eg. food and water
income
how much money you earn
wealth
possessions you own
status
how high or low you are in society based on your wisp
authority
the power or right to make decisions and orders
state benefits
provided for people in the uk with little to no income
skilled work
any worker who has training/a certificate in a certain job role
semi-skilled work
basic knowledge and training of a certain job role
un-skilled work
a job that doesn’t need any skills or work experience beforehand
embourgeoisement thesis
working-class families are becoming more middle-class with their norms and values as their incomes and standards of living improved
geographically mobile
moving locations for work or extended family
income
the flow of resources which individuals or households receive over a period of time
wealth
refers to the ownership of assets that are valued
property wealth
houses, property, land
physical wealth
cars, jewellery, paintings, antiques
financial wealth
savings, investments, shares
social mobility
the movement of individuals up and down the social scale
long range mobility
working class going to the top
short range mobility
from w/c to upper m/c
open structures
making it easier to move up and down the social classes, there are few obstacles to those with talents, a true meritocracy
closed structures
little movement from one class to another, your status is ascribed
intergenerational
the change of an individuals social class from that of their family
intragenerational
movement within or between social classes and occupations
absolute mobility
total mobility that takes place in society
relative mobility
the comparative of those from various class backgrounds of reaching particular positions in the social structure
social mobility commission
‘there are encouraging signs for the future of social mobility’
old boys network
contacts and connections that will help with a Childs future eg. work experience and apprenticeships
helicopter parents
parents who hover over you and have excessive interest in their childs life
snowplough parents
parenting style that seeks to remove all obstacles from a childs path so they dont experience pain, discomfort or failure
parental intertest in education
w/c value education less, less ambition, less encouraging and less interested
pre school socialisation
less likely to read to them, buy educational toys, less likely to go on trips, less likely to teach them to read, write or count before starting school
child rearing practices
less emphasis on educational achievement, more on physical expect or demand less, dont encourage improvement or reward success
streaming
a group of children taught together thought to be of similar ability for a given age, across all lessons
banding
broader version of streaming, eg. 5 in group a, 5 in group b, 5 in group c
setting
ability set only in one individual lesson eg. maths and/or English
polarisation
pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one or two opposite ‘poles’ or extremes
pro-school subculture
pupils in top stream accepted value system in school. they have: worked hard, well behaved, praised and respected by their teachers. full of the middle-class, filled with encouragement
anti-school subculture
pupils in bottom stream rejected school rules, values turned upside down, pupils refused to do homework, truanted, smoked and gained prestige for giving cheek to their teachers, w/c group solidarity
absolute poverty
not being able to afford basic needs
relative poverty
an individuals whose standard of life falls well below the majority of the population
poverty line
measure of a minimum income which is insufficient to obtain the minimum necessities (cost of living)q
living wage
the minimum income necessary to meet you basic needs, allows income of relative deprivation to participate in society
food poverty
how healthy your diet is
period poverty
sanitary products
work poverty
working but still in poverty
persistent poverty
2-3 years
hbai
households below average income - below 60% of the median
the propertied upper class
the wealthy owners of big businesses
the property-less white-collar workers
these have a better market situation than manual workers because of their skills and educational qualifications, forming a middle class
petty bourgeoise
owners of small businesses, unlike marx, weber did not see this class as disappearing or merging into the working class
the manual working class
have the poorest market situation as they possess neither wealth nor valuable educational qualifications that could be used to improve their market situation
