social inequalities, gender 40 mark content Flashcards
1
Q
introduce radical feminism 5
A
- in the 1960s/1970s, feminism had a resurgence
- focusing on diff issues rather than what first wave suffragettes did
- second wave of feminism had its roots in radical feminism. see society based on a central gender conflict between men and women
- key concept= patriarchy translates as male dominance
- men are the ruling class, women are the subject class
2
Q
radical fem, biological oppression of women, firestone 3
A
- women have babies, men use this biological fact to keep women oppressed in the home and away from all power
- when their pregnant they become dependent on their husbands or government for financial survival
- men made sure property went through the male line, ensure women are kept in an inferior position
3
Q
radical fem, biological oppression of women, dworkin 3
A
- men are physically stronger so they can force women to obey their will. last resort is rape and murder
- earlier radical feminist said ‘all men are rapists’ = metaphor for the social power they had. fear of rape keeps women oppressed
- dworkin supported this = ‘under patriarchy, every woman’s son is her potential betrayer and also the inevitable rapist or exploiter of another woman’
4
Q
radical fem, biological oppression of women, evaluation 2
A
- radical feminists that focus on the biological differences between men and women can be criticized for failing to explain why women have diff levels of status across diff societies and time periods
- if it was just biology their position would remain constant
5
Q
radical fem, ideological oppression of women, ortner 4
A
- agrees with firestone, women are universally disadvantaged but disagrees that its due to biological differences
- society constructed this idea, women are seen as closer to nature due to pregnancy but it doesnt mean that their naturally suited to family life
- patriarchal ideology used to make women have a false consciousness. women kept in subordination by believing set of ideas that only benefit men
- girls pushed into feminine subjects, continue the stereotypical process
6
Q
radical fem, ideological oppression of women, french 3
A
women oppressed in 3 ways
1. eyes= women seen as sex objects for mens pleasure
2. laws= fail to create equality between men and women. legal system dominated by men
3. codes= male patriarchal ideology is still enforced on society
7
Q
radical fem, ideological oppression of women, evaluation 3
A
- liberal feminists argue that they ignore the progress women have made
- e.g. = legal changes means radical feminism is out of date
- accused of ignoring the impact of race and class on oppression of women
8
Q
info on liberal feminists 3
A
- women continue to be disadvantaged due to a social construction
- disagree with radical, due to feminism the position of women has improved
- in the 1970s, they campaigned for social change believing this is central to the progress of women
9
Q
gender is a social construct, oakley 3
A
- women have been socialised to think their dominant role is the mother-housewife role
- ‘maternal instinct’ is an idea that has been learned, used to justify male dominance
- girls and boys are socialised into these gender roles through canalization and manipulation, gender is a social construction
10
Q
oakley, evaluation
A
self negating prophecy, we can reject our socialisation and challenging stereotypes
11
Q
changes that liberal feminists have campaigned to make 5
A
- equal pay act and sex discrimination act
- equal opportunities commission
- equal opportunities policies in school and workplaces
- campaigns for change in language, the media, politics
- national curriculum act= 1988, girls study maths and english
12
Q
liberal feminists, sharpe
A
- interviewed girls in 1972 = interested in marriage, children, husbands and work - in that order
- 1994= interviewed girls of the same age and education/careers was the new priority
13
Q
what can be seen as the result of liberal feminism 4
A
- spread of equal opportunities policies
- emergence of women in all areas of economic and political life
- reduction of sexist language and stereotypes in public life
- rise of the ‘new man’
14
Q
somerville
A
criticises other feminists for not acknowledging the progress women have made in society
15
Q
evaluation for liberal feminism 2
A
- radical feminists criticise liberal feminists for underestimating patriarchal ideology (women still seen as subordinate to men)
- firestone would say that due to patriarchy being caused by biological differences, its unlikely progress has been made
16
Q
intro to black feminism 3
A
- ethnic dimension to gender inequality thats often overlooked
- feminism is ethnocentric, only concerned with experiences of white women
- feminism is both white and middle class and it ignores the oppression felt by black women due to sexism and racism
17
Q
black feminism, bell hooks 2
A
- american black feminist
- feminism can only be understood as an interaction between race, gender and class
18
Q
black feminism, brewer 2
A
- triple oppression
- black women suffer bc of racism, their class and sexism
19
Q
black feminism, crenshaw 4
A
- made the term ‘intersectionality’ = in 1989 yet it took until recently to enter into widespread use in feminism
- for feminism to truly represent women and aid the progress of women it must be a voice for all women
- feminism has previously believed that all women have a homogenous experience of oppression
- this varies depending on a person’s ethnicity, disability, sexuality, class etc. to understand a womens experiences u must look at all aspects of their identity
20
Q
black feminism evaluation (intersectionality) 2
A
- accused of dividing feminism and moving it away from one cohesive movement
- feminism is too divided and conflicted
21
Q
experiences of black british women, mirza 3
A
- found in an ethnographic study of schools that afro-caribbean girls developed strategies at school to deal with the marginalisation and racism from their teachers
- they wanted to challenge the stereotypes and prove teachers wrong with their success
- previous studies into black girls in education ignore that they’re able to maintain positive self-esteem and reject their labels
22
Q
experiences of black british women, davidson 3
A
- black women experience an ‘extra layer’ of oppression compared to white women
- whereas white women experience a glass ceiling at work, black women experience a concrete ceiling
- more impenetrable due to the addition of racism
23
Q
experiences of black british women, brathwaite 3
A
- black women are largely invisible to the media’s portrayal of pregnancy and motherhood
- black women dont appear in advertising, magazines, support groups and therefore feel excluded
- stereotypes of black mothers as lone-parents who live in poverty from society
24
Q
evaluation for this 2
A
- stats would support the writing of mirza with black girls significantly outperforming black boys in education
- and the low numbers of black women in high positions in the workplace
25
intro on post-feminism 2
1. developed during the 3rd wave of feminism in the 1990s
2. argued that feminism is out of date, doesnt take into account the new ways women are oppressed
26
media oppression, kilbourne 3
1. we see more than 5k adverts a day
2. images of women present unrealistic beauty standards. benefitting both capitalism and patriarchy
3. adverts often dehumanise women and justify violence against them
27
media oppression, laura bates 3
1. online deviant subculture has emerged called 'incels'
2. these are 'involuntary celibates' that blame women for their lack of success in romantic relationships
3. promote misogyny
28
evaluation for media oppression, cochrane 2
1. argue that the internet has allowed a 4th wave of feminism to develop
2. this resurgence of feminism allows women to call out patriarchy and reclaim the feminist identity
29
patriarchal structures, walby 6
6 patriarchal structures that ensure women of all backgrounds are still exploited:
1. housework
2. employment pay gap
3. the state- laws dont protect women well enough
4. sexuality- women sexualised in the media
5. violence - domestic violence rates are high for women
6. culture- social construction of patriarchal values in our society
30
info on marxist feminism 3
1. regard class as the main source of conflict in society, so they see gender conflict as part of a wider-class conflict
2. working class women are those oppressed
3. both patriarchy and class work to oppress women
31
marxist fem, beechey 4
1. women perform the role of reserve army of labour
2. women make up most of part-time workers
3, women change work more frequently
4. this means they can be laid off easily during economic depression and brought in easily during the boom periods meaning they serve capitalism needs as they dont threaten mens position in the world of work
32
evaluation for womens oppression at work /3/
1. reserve army of labour theory cant explain why women are kept in the 5Cs
2. it would make more sense if they were in traditionally male jobs
3. liberal feminists would argue that since their campaigns for legal changes, women are better protected at work
33
marxist fem, feeley 2
1. family is an authoritarian unit dominated by the husband
2. family has an 'authoritarian ideology' which teaches passivity, not rebellion
3. children learn to submit to parental authority thereby learning to accept their place in the hierarchy of power and control in capitalist society
34
evaluation, morgan 2
1. this argument has lost its relevance due to the decline in the nuclear family
2. much of marxist feminism assumes a male head of the household which is less relevant due to family diversity
35
marxist feminism, benston 2
1. women serve the needs of capitalism by providing domestic labour for free, they are taking care of their husbands (current workers) and their children (future workers). children dont go against their bosses in the future
2. some marxist feminists have argued that housework should be paid
36
marxist feminism, kerr 3
women serve 3 bosses
1. theirs at work
2. their husband
3. their husband's bosses
37
evaluation for marxist feminism
1. new right
2. argues that women should be at home serving the needs of their husband
38
intro to functionalism 2
1. any differences/ inequalities between men and women are natural and men and women are suited to diff roles
2. help society to function
39
durkheim 3
1. 'organic analogy' = that each part of the body contributes to the whole can be applied to gender
2. each gender contributes to the whole of society in their diff ways
3. society as a whole benefits from this division of labour as they are better suited to certain roles more than others
40
murdock 3
1. anthropologist, has studied 224 pre-modern studies
2. in all these there has been a value consensus on the gender division of labour - in every society there was a divide in the roles that men and women were expected to carry out
3. gender differences are natural and functional
41
evaluation for core functionalist concepts 2
1. these studies dont reflect the progress women have made and that theres no longer a clear division of labour in many societies
2. in the UK, women make up nearly 50% of the workforce so these studies are outdated
42
natural roles of men and women, parsons /2/
1. expressive female= women biologically programmed to be more expressive. more naturally drawn to motherhood with its subsequent effects on their workforce position. when they do work their drawn to caring and nurturing roles
2. instrumental male= men biologically programmed to be instrumental, more aggressive and focused on achievement. leads them to want to compete in the labour market for rewards, try become leaders and gain status leading to them being more successful in gaining promotions
43
evaluation
1. hakims theory = 'rational choice theory' provides support for parsons
2. argues that womens position is due to a rational choice they make for themselves
3. women arent the victims of unfair employment practices, rather they actively choose part-time work in order to manage childcare and housework
44
intro to new right theory 2
1. similar to functionalism - key difference is simply the era the material was written in with new right being more contemporary
2. the perspective can still be seen in the media influencing the thinking of certain media such as the daily mail and conservative and republican politics
45
new right, influence from functionalism 3
1. new right believe men and women are biologically different and have certain qualities which suit diff roles
2. men should be in the public sphere as the breadwinner and women should be in the home ready to support their children and husband
3. they firmly believe that the nuclear family provides the best solution to ensuring the process of socialisation happens effectively
46
impact on the nuclear family, murray 2
1. emphases the importance of the family in creating norms and values via primary socialisation
2. feminism and the changing role of women has led to a breakdown of the family and therefore of socialisation and social control
47
dennis 3
1. if women arent at home, they arent carrying out their key functions in raising their children
2. leads to an increase in deviance and other social problems.
3. therefore, the divided roles between men and women need to stay the same to ensure children are socialised properly
48
evaluation for this 3
1. idea that there are roles that only women can provide for the family is sexist and suggests men cant
2. reinforces the stereotype that women are designed for childrearing only
3. ignores the dark side of the nuclear family which many women dont benefit from
49
problems with feminism, schlafly 4
1. women shouldnt focus on defeating men but motivating, inspiring and encouraging them
2. marriage and motherhood offer a women the most fulfilment
3. no success gained through a career can compare with the satisfaction of raising kids
4. nuclear family is the most efficient and effective way to raise children
50
who would disagree with new right
radical feminists
51
