social inequalities gender 20 mark content Flashcards
1
Q
women disadvantaged in work, stats
A
- pay gap is 9%
- approx 70% of ppl in national minimum wage jobs are women (low pay commission)
- only 40% of MPs are female after the 2019 election
2
Q
women disadvantaged in work, purcell et al
A
gender wage gaps between graduates are evident by 7 yrs after graduation
3
Q
women disadvantaged in work, dex and tzavidis 2
A
- male pay rose faster than women pay in their 30s, men were in expanding and more highly paid sectors of the economy
- men in banking and finance, women in public relations and communications
4
Q
horizontal segregation, barron and norris 4
A
- horizontal segregation= how many diff job areas men and women are in
- women and work commission 2006 found that women were disproportionally clustered into the 5Cs - cleaning, caring, cashiering, catering and clerical (receptionist job)
- these areas are low paid and low status, many are part time
- barron and norris= dual labour market. women in the secondary labour market (5Cs). men in the primary labour market, high paid and high status jobs
5
Q
vertical segregation 5
A
- women can get into better paid jobs but cant progress up the ladder bc of the glass ceiling- women can see promotions but cant reach them
- e.g large number of women in nursing and primary education but small % have the top jobs i.e headteachers
- due to sex discrimination in the workplace as men are reluctant to promote women believing they will prioritise their family more in life
- they believe younger women likely to go on maternity leave which is an expense to company
- some say men dont like having a female boss, prevents women moving into top positions
6
Q
poverty, flaherty and lister 2
A
- equal opportunites commission found women are 14% more likely to live in households classed as below the poverty line, flaherty says the reason for this is pay gap, more likely to work part time, discrimination at work
- lister= women likely to deal with consequences and pressures of living in poverty- raise kids alone, manage family finances. leads to greater stress and ill health
7
Q
social mobility, li and devine, savage 4
A
- ability to move up and down the class system and not stay in the position u were born into
- Li and devine = women still more likely to be upwardly socially mobile and more likely to be downwardly mobile then men
- analysed relationship between gender and social mobility and ethnicity. found that black carribean men and chinese women had low rates of upward social mobility
- savage added that men were 40% more likely to climb the career ladder then women
8
Q
women disadvantaged in the family, stats 3
A
- family and parenting institute= 75% of mothers have primary responsibility for childcare in the home
- women who work, with or without kids, spend 15hrs a week on average doing chores, men spend 5
- 2 women a week are killed by current partner or ex partner in the UK (department of health)
9
Q
roles within the family, delphy and leonard 3
A
- women carry out the emotional work in the home, role of giving love and sympathy particularly to the kids whereas men found this difficult and didnt do it often
- women operate a triple shift, perform emotional work as well as housework and having a paid job
- can often prevent women from succeeding in their career as they have to work part time or cant take promotions due to home commitments
10
Q
roles within the family, oakley 2
A
- women have segregated conjugal roles
- roles are unfairly divided, women do most the work
11
Q
roles within the family, edgell 4
A
- investigated decision making in the family
- women made decisions about day to day life of the family e.g dinner choice, clothes the kids wore and what to buy fam members for their bday. men in charge of important decisions involving financial choices like what house/car to buy
- this was strongly linked to the man being the dominant breadwinner
12
Q
dark side of the family, ansley
A
women soak up frustrations of men when they come home from work so they dont take it out on their bosses which would be detrimental to capitalism
13
Q
dark side of the family, walby 2
A
- 6 patriarchal structures where women are oppressed
- violence as part of patriarchal power, weapon which men control women and rape in marriage as extreme form of patriarchy
14
Q
dark side of the family, firestone 3
A
- biological fact that women are child bearers as key cause of patriarchal oppression
- by having kids, women are tied to their husbands and the home. described childbirth as barbaric
- hoped in the future for technological advancements to allow birth and conception to happen without needing women which would ‘free women’
15
Q
women disadvantaged in the media, stats
A
23% of reporters on national daily newspapers in the UK are women, only 1 female editor of a national daily
16
Q
bechdel test 3
A
- to pass the bechdel test the film must
1. have 2 named women in it
2. they have to talk to eachother ab smth other then a man
3. only 57% of films passed the test
17
Q
representations of women in the media, mulvey 2
A
- ‘male gaze’ = women visually positioned as an ‘object’ of heterosexual male desire
- her feelings, thoughts and own sexual drives are less important than her being ‘framed’ by male desire
18
Q
representations of women in the media, wolf and mcrobbie 2
A
- wolf= magazine reinforces the ‘beauty myth’ which convinces women theres a set standard of beauty- thin, young, curves. keeps women in their place and a form of patriarchal control
- mcrobbie= celeb magazines, heat and closer have a negative impact on girls and the need to focus on an unattainable body image
19
Q
representations of women in the media, marsh and millard 2
A
- men take leading role in films, often playing the part of heroes who are needed to save women (superhero and disney films, snow white)
- giroux = women are represented in narrow and restricted ways in the media, reduced to housewives and mothers. can lead to self fulfilling prophecy
20
Q
main stereotypes of women, wolf and tebbel 3
A
- wag= wives and gfs of men, or femme fatales, who are concerned with beauty, love and keeping/ getting men
- supermum= happy home maker or part time worker focuses on childcare, housework and keeping the fam together
- victim= men are the cause of their problems but also frequently their saviour
21
Q
men disadvantaged in crime, stats
A
- women make up 4% of the prison population
2.
22
Q
men disadvantaged in crime, stats, buckle and farrington 3
A
- 2.8% of males shoplifted compared to 1.4% females
- since shoplifting is a traditionally female crime, these findings are significant in finding than men do twice as much
- suggest men are more criminal then women
23
Q
why do men commit more crime, messerschmitt 3
A
- men expected to be breadwinners and conform to hegemonic masc
- some men have a subordinated masc- working class and homosexual- might turn to violence to assert their masc
- link to mac an ghails concept of crisis of masc, men feel the need to perform the breadwinner role. turn to crime if they cant
24
Q
why do men commit more crime, heidensohn 2
A
- women subjected to tighter patriarchal control, kept in the ‘private sphere’ - the home
- means they have less opportunities to commit crime compared to men who arent subjected to this control
25
why do men commit more crime, cohen 2
1. young, wc males experience 'status frustration', believing they dont gain respect from society
2. join delinquent subcultures to gain respect from peers
26
criminal justice system, pollack 3
1. against the idea that men are more criminal than women, believes that women are less likely to be convicted
2. chivalry theory= police and courts treat women more leniently than men, therefore more likely to let women off with a warning/fine instead of a prison sentence
3. men get a criminal record- less likely to get a job, live in poverty and cant support themselves bc their mental health declines
27
boys disadvantaged in education, stats 2
1. girls on average achieve 9% higher in their GCSEs compared to boys, 74% gaining a grade 4 or more compared to 65% of boys
2. boys 3x more likely to be excluded than girls
28
external factors, mac an ghail 3
1. working class boys experiencing a crisis in masc which impacts their results in skl
2. due to decline in traditional masc jobs, boys lack positive attitude in education as they dont feel theres a job to aim for
3. in contrast there's been a rise in service sector jobs seen as more suited for women, therefore girls have great career opportunities than in the past
29
external factors, frosh 3
1. the ways boys have been socialised has detrimental effects on their education
2. boys are taught that being hardworking is feminine so they avoid looking like their trying hard infront of their peers
3. this idea can become internalised and they lack motivation to do well in school causing them to underachieve
30
internal factors, swann 2
1. teachers have a more positive perception of girls as their less disruptive then boys
2. leads to positive labelling and self fulfilling prophecy where girls live up to the positive label and boys become disengaged
31
internal factors, mitsos and browne 3
1. girls more successful in education bc they achieve higher grades in coursework
2. this is bc girls are more organised than boys
3. affects life chances= wont get into uni, dont have middle class job and live in poverty
32
men disadvantaged in health, stats 3
1. men more likely to suffer from heart disease, cancer and HIV
2. men twice as likely to die in car accidents then women
3. men 3x more likely to commit suicide
33
why do women live longer than men 3
1. men more likely to be addicted to alcohol and drugs, greater risk of certain illnesses and lowers their mortality
2. increases likeliness of suicide, most common cause of death among men
3. lyng= young males more likely to engage in risky behaviour such as speed driving/ drunk driving
34
why do women live longer than men, seligman 3
1. 'learned helplessness' = more socially acceptable for women to admit their ill than men
2. at age 30-44 men are expected to be financially stable, common age for men to commit suicide
3. this figure is distorted, use it through pregnancy and they live longer and use health services more
35
evidence of increase in risks to female health, winlow 2
1. whilst men die sooner, women more likely to be sick throughout their life. due to stress or caring for their family
2. winlow= risk-taking behaviour increasing for girls as they are joining boys in binge drinking- ladette culture jackson
