Social Groups Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Discourse Community?

A

A group of people with shared interests and belief systems who are likely to use language in similar ways.

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2
Q

What is Goffman’s Face Theory?

A

The concept that all communication relies on presenting a ‘face’ to listeners and audiences.

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3
Q

What is a Face Threatening Act?

A

An act which challenges the face of another participant in the conversation.

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4
Q

What is an Idiolect?

A

Variation in language use which is specific to a particular person.

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5
Q

What is Interactional Speech?

A

Communication that primarily severs the purpose of social interaction, e.g. small talk and conversation.

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6
Q

What is Jargon?

A

The vocabulary and manner of speech that define and reflect a particular profession which may be difficult for others to understand.

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7
Q

What is Lavendar Linguistics?

A

The study of LGBTQ+ language.

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8
Q

What is Multiplexity?

A

The number of separate social connects between any two people. A single tie between individuals, such as a shared workplace, is a uniplex relationship.

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9
Q

What is Polari?

A

A coded language used by the gay community established to prevent discrimination against homosexuality

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10
Q

What is Negative Politeness?

A

A way to make a request without giving offence by showing deference – often shown through hedging (a word or phrase that makes a statement less forceful or assertive), questioning and presenting disagreements as opinions.

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11
Q

What is an Oppressive Discourse Strategy?

A

Commonly used by superiors in conversation as a method of exerting their power. The use of direct language e.g. telling someone with less power within the group to ‘shut up’.

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12
Q

What is Positive Politeness?

A

A way to make a request without giving offence by highlighting friendliness – often shown through compliments, common ground, jokes, tag questions, honorifics (title of address such as Mrs) and specific discourse markers (please).

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13
Q

What is a Repressive Discourse Strategy?

A

Power is displayed more subtly, and can go unnoticed in conversation. Indirect language is used, and social standing is subconsciously demonstrated. e.g. a group member stating ‘they prefer the quiet’.

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14
Q

What is a Social network?

A

The structure of a particular speech community. Social networks, and the interactions between the members within them, are a driving force behind language change.

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15
Q

What is Taboo Language?

A

A word, topic, or phrase that is social custom to avoid using or discussing as people find them embarrassing or offensive.

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16
Q

What is Transactional Speech?

A

Language which is used to make a transaction, and creates a result. It is different from interactional language which is used to maintain relationships.

17
Q

What did Stenstrom et al identify about Teen Speech?

A

Common features of teen speak include: slang, irregular turn taking, verbal duelling, overlaps, teasing and name calling, indistinct articulation, taboo and language mixing.

18
Q

What did Martinez identify about Teens vs Adults in language?

A

Teenagers use more negatives than adults; are more direct and not afraid of face threatening acts. Multiple negation is a common feature of teenage language.

19
Q

What did Jenny Cheshire state language development is based on?

A

Adult and child language develops in response to important life events such as marriage, child birth and change in social situations.

20
Q

What did Lesley Milroy identify in Belfast?

A

Social networks are composed of a ‘web of ties’ between individuals. BELFAST

21
Q

What is an Anti-language and who created it?

A

A minority dialect, or method of communicating, within a minority speech community that excludes members of the main speech community. Michael Halliday

22
Q

What does Penelope Eckert discuss in terms of age?

A

Argues that three different ways to define age: chronological age (years since birth), biological age (physical maturity) and social age (linked to life events such as marriage and having children).

23
Q

What does Penelope Eckert talk about slang?

A

Slang is used to connect an individual to youth culture and to disassociate themselves with other generations.

24
Q

What does Unni Berland say about Teenagers use of tags?

A

Teenagers often use tags such as ‘innit’, ‘right’ and ‘yeah’. ‘Innit’ is used more by working class and ‘yeah’ by middle class.

25
Q

What does Vivian De Klerk talk about young people being able to do?

A

Younger people have the freedom to challenge linguistic norms; they seek establish new identities. Patterns of speech formed by parents are eroded by patterns within their peer groups.

26
Q

What does Zimmerman state influences teen speak?

A

Factors that influence teen speak include the media, music, graffiti and new forms of communication.