Social groups

Question 1

Basil Bernstein

Answer 1

-restricted code- relax syntax- simple co-ordinating conjunctions

-elaborated code- standard syntax- use of subordinate clause and subordinating conjunctions

• White middle-class can use both

Question 2

SUPPORT BERNSTEIN (LABOV)

Answer 2

• research featured black children who used restricted but with a logical argument
• suggest issue with articulating ideas rather than cognitive defecit

Question 3

Trudgill (Norwich study)

Answer 3

• looked at pronunciation of words like ‘walking, talking’- trying to find non-standard ‘walkin’ G-dropping
• higher the class more use of standard form
• class is more of a determiner than gender

Question 4

Petyt (Bradford study)

Answer 4

• looked at aitch dropping
• lower the social class more likeluy to drop ‘h’

Question 5

Labov (Rhotic R)

Answer 5

• Visited 3 social class shops
• Saks, Macy, Klein
• Asked questions which included the rhotic r
• higher class used it more

Question 6

Milroy belfast study

Answer 6

• Investigated non-standard forms of ‘th’ and ‘a’
• Research findings: Men use higher standard forms- Women use smaller number of standard forms

Question 7

CHALLENGE MILROY

Answer 7

• Study of Clonard women and Hammer men in Belfast challenge this
• Due to employment men has to leave community and find jobs
• women stayed
• resulted in men with more open networks and women closed
• social group is more controlling than gender