Gendered language Flashcards
Robin Lackoff
List of features make women lang weak - Empty adjectives
- over-apologising
- Tag questions
- overuse of intensifiers
support Lackoff
(Hall)
- found that phone sex workers use these featutres to be seen and sound more feminine
Challenge lackoff
(O’barr and Atkins)
- Looked at language in court room
- Found WC men used Lackoff features
- Research suggest that it is power more than gender (powerless language)
Otto Jesperson (1922)
- Women lang is weak
- They use non-fluency features e.g. fillers and pauses
CHALLENGE Otto (Onella)
found that with master students there was a very similar MLU- average time span of speech
Zimmerman and West
- Interruptions between men and women
- Men interrupted 96%-100% more times
Criticisms- Small number of people
- white middle class men
- traits of middle class convos
CHALLENGE ZIM AND WEST (Beattie)
- considered 10X the corpus and found equal amount of interruptions
SCHULZ and LACKOFF
- Looked into terms women and men are reffered to
- Looked at suffix ‘ess’
- Semantic deregation- word gets more negative meaning e.g. Master, mistress- connotation of prostitution
Stanley
- Number of insults for women - 220 promiscuous nouns and men- 20
Holmes
women are referred to affective nominatives e.g. semantic field of animals and foods, honey,cow
Holmes
women are referred to affective nominatives e.g. semantic field of animals and foods, honey,cow
Dale Spender
- Male as norm
- men are dominant models and women are add ons
- E.g. men introduced first ‘Mr and Mrs’
and when women are introduced firts lesser role e.g. mother and father- puts women in paternal role
Deborah Tannen
Men use report and women use Rapport
Pilkington
- ’ locker room banter’- help build bond
Kuiper
men use more insults and swears
