Social explanations of crime and antisocial behaviour Flashcards
What are the 4 social explanations of crime and antisocial behaviour?
-labelling
-social learning theory
-self-fulfilling prophecy
-gender
What is a role model?
someone who is your same gender, share a similar interest with, has something desirable, or is of a higher status
Explain what the 3 types of models are
- Live model= someone real performing a behaviour in the present
- Symbollic model= real or fictional characters displaying behaviour on TV or in books etc
- Verbal model= a description or explanation of a behaviour
Name and explain the 4 step process to Social learning theory
- Observation/ attention
-Learning begins by paying attention to a models behaviour E.g your dad steals some food from a shop which you take notice of - Retention
-modelled behaviour is retained by the observer, as is usually intended to be imitated at a later time. Mental rehearsal and visualisation of the behaviour helps to retain it for an amount of time - Reproduction
-the behaviour is then performed by the observer, and can be refined through practice. People with low self esteem are more likely to imitate the behaviour of their role models. This requires self efficacy - Motivation
-whether the behaviour is continued to be reproduced depends on their motivation to do so
What is internal and external motivation?
-internal= when an internal need is satisfied like confidence or accomplishment. For e.g your dad praises you and tells you what a great child you are
-external= when the rules of operant conditioning apply. You are reinforced by something physical that you’ve gained e.g the food that you stole
What is self efficacy?
Your own self belief and confidence in your skill/ ability to reproduce the criminal behaviour yourself
What is vicarious reinforcement?
When an individuals tendancy to engage in a behaviour is increased due to the behaviour being observed being rewarded
What is vicarious punishment?
When an individuals tendancy to engage in a behaviour decreases due to observing the behaviour being punished
What is vicarious extinction?
When the person being observed engaging in the behaviour is no longer rewarded for it, so you stop displaying the observed behaviour too
What is labelling?
When we make a judgement about another person, usually negative, which is not necessarily reflective of the individuals true nature
What is positive labelling?
Labels that are motivational and encouraging
e.g intelligent, talented, high achiever
What is negative labelling?
Labels that lower self esteem and confidence causing someone to stop trying. they feel isolated by society
e.g dodgy, chavy, troublemaker, stupid,
What is retrospective labelling?
When previous behaviours are used to label current behaviour
e.g “they were always a bad kid”
What is projective labelling?
Uses a deviants identity to predict future behaviour
e.g “they’ll be in prison by the time they’re 21”
What is informal labelling?
Respondents perception that others (e.g family) thought of them as ‘bad’
