social explanations of crime and anti-social behaviour: SLT Flashcards
what did the american national television study find?
- american national television violence study 1997 found 66% of children’s viewing contained physical violence compared with 57% of adult viewing
what does Eren 1995 say about SLT?
- it has been estimated that child entering secondary school will have seen 8,000 murders and 100,000 other violent acts on TV
how does SLT explain criminal behaviour in terms of modelling?
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ARRM
A: ATTENTION
R: RETENTION
R: REPRODUCTION
M: MOTIVATION
how can SLT be performed? link to criminal
- person needs to be able to observe criminal behaviour directly or indirectly in real life or via media so it can be remembered or reproduced
- according to theory, criminal behaviour has to be observed in role models already engaged in criminal activity, therefore model behaviour they have observed
what does SLT suggest about antisocial behaviour?
- it’s modelled and is imitated by observers
what is a role model? give examples
- people that an individual identifies with in some way
- e.g. age, gender or someone with status
how can retention be described? link to criminal
- if role model is observed doing something antisocial e.g. being aggressive, this information may be retained by observer
how can reproduction be described? link to criminal
- observer will reproduce this behaviour when in a similar situation to that observed if they have the skills and ability to imitate behaviour
how can motivation be described? link to criminal
- individual observing must be motivated to do this - can be internal motivation where they do it for the thrill, or external motivation which is based on positive and negative reinforcement
- if role model is seen being praised by their peer group for getting in fight and gaining status for this the behaviour is likely to be imitated
- if someone sees someone stealing and being admired because they have latest iPhone, they may also copy due to negative reinforcement and removing the bullying they may receive for not having latest fashion items
what can also apply during SLT?
- punishment however can also apply
- if role model is seen being punished or being negative consequence to actions e.g. being arrested, being unpopular; then individual is less likely to imitate behaviour
what did Bandura outline? explain this
- outlined 3 factors which determine whether we decide to imitate
1. vicarious learning - not direct reward or punishment but is how an individual learns by watching OTHERS being rewarded or punished
2. external motivation - if criminal act has been acquired through SLT and behaviour if successful it is likely to be repeated
3. self-reinforcement - this refers to self-motivational factors associated with crime. behaviour is more motivating if some internal need is satisfied
supporting evidence for SLT (B)
Bandura 1961
- found that children imitated adult role model hitting Bobo doll
- boys more physically aggressive than girls who showed more verbal aggression
- both boys and girls likely to imitate role models of same sex as them
- however, girls were also likely to imitate male role which may assume that aggression is a male characteristic
supporting evidence for SLT (A & D) (complete)
supporting evidence for SLT (B ‘63) complete
supporting evidence for SLT (B ‘65) complete
