Social, economic and political factors which have caused the issue Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What is underdevelopment?
A
A region with low economic growth, technology, and living standards
2
Q
What are signs of underdevelopment?
A
Poor infrastructure, low industry, limited education and healthcare, high poverty
3
Q
What causes underdevelopment?
A
Historical, economic, political, and social factors
4
Q
Is underdevelopment only about money?
A
No, it’s more than just economic measures
5
Q
What does UNDP stand for?
A
United Nations Development Programme
6
Q
What does the UNDP publish?
A
The Human Development Report
7
Q
How many countries are ranked in the HDI?
A
191 countries
8
Q
What does HDI stand for?
A
Human Development Index
9
Q
What does the HDI measure?
A
Health, education, income, and living conditions
10
Q
What is the purpose of the HDI?
A
To compare human development between countries and over time
11
Q
What is the average life expectancy in the UK?
A
82.1 years
12
Q
What is the life expectancy in Chad, Nigeria, and the Central African Republic?
A
Chad - 52.5, Nigeria - 52.7, Central African Republic - 53.9
13
Q
How does poor health contribute to underdevelopment?
A
Poor health leads to lower productivity, limited access to education, and higher poverty
14
Q
What is a major factor hindering healthcare in less developed countries?
A
Limited resources and a shortage of skilled healthcare professionals
15
Q
How does a lack of infrastructure affect public health?
A
Without clean water, proper sanitation, and waste management, public health worsens
16
Q
What cycle does poor health create in underdeveloped countries?
A
Illness reduces workforce availability, education, and strains healthcare systems, trapping countries in poverty
17
Q
What nations have made strides toward universal health coverage?
A
Rwanda and Ghana
18
Q
How has Rwanda improved healthcare access?
A
Through its community-based health insurance system
19
Q
What is a challenge to Rwanda’s healthcare system?
A
It relies heavily on foreign aid and external support
20
Q
How has Ghana expanded healthcare access?
A
Through the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)
21
Q
What challenges does Ghana face in healthcare?
A
Ensuring quality and coverage, especially in rural areas
22
Q
How much does the UK spend on healthcare annually?
A
£292 billion, or 11.3% of its GDP
23
Q
What percentage of GDP do many African countries allocate to healthcare?
A
Between 4% and 6%
24
Q
How does healthcare access differ in urban vs rural areas in Africa?
A
Urban areas have better services, while rural areas lack professionals and infrastructure
25
What contributes to higher illness rates in rural Africa?
Lack of clean water and sanitation
26
What disease continues to be a major public health challenge in Africa?
HIV/AIDS
27
How does HIV affect the immune system?
It destroys immune cells, leaving individuals vulnerable to infections
28
What happens if HIV is untreated?
It progresses to AIDS, severely weakening the body’s ability to fight infections
29
How many people in Africa were living with HIV/AIDS in 2022?
25 million
30
How many people died from HIV/AIDS in Africa in 2022?
380,000
31
Which country has the highest number of HIV/AIDS cases in Africa?
South Africa
32
What percentage of South Africa’s adult population is affected by HIV?
About 20%
33
How has South Africa contributed to HIV/AIDS care and research?
It is a global leader in HIV/AIDS care and research, with extensive treatment and prevention programmes
34
How does HIV/AIDS impact economic development?
It reduces the available workforce, leading to productivity losses and strain on healthcare systems
35
How does malaria contribute to underdevelopment in Africa?
It reduces workforce productivity and causes economic losses
36
What are the symptoms of malaria?
Fever, chills, and flu-like illness
37
Why is malaria so prevalent in Africa?
Limited access to preventive measures and inadequate healthcare infrastructure
38
What is the estimated annual economic loss from malaria in Africa?
£10 billion
39
How much does malaria cost Nigeria annually?
$1.1 billion
40
How does malaria impact a nation's economy?
It reduces productivity and tax revenue, hindering investment in sectors like education and infrastructure
41
How does malaria perpetuate the cycle of poverty and disease?
It limits the workforce and resources, making it harder to break the cycle of underdevelopment
42
What is a key indicator of a country's education system?
Quality of education
43
Name three ways education quality can be measured.
Literacy rates, access to education, teacher quality
44
Why is education crucial in Africa?
It shapes socio-economic development
45
What is a major challenge to education in rural Africa?
Inadequate access to quality education
46
What three things hinder education in Africa?
Poor infrastructure, low funding, few trained teachers
47
What are some socio-economic barriers to education?
Poverty, gender inequality, cultural norms
48
What’s wrong with many African school curriculums?
They focus on memorisation, not critical thinking
49
How does lack of vocational training affect youth?
Limits their ability to join the workforce
50
How does poor education affect employment?
Leads to low-skill jobs or unemployment
51
How does education impact government revenue?
Poor education reduces tax income due to low wages and joblessness
52
What long-term effect does poor education have on a country?
It perpetuates poverty and limits national progress
53
Why is improving education important for development?
It empowers individuals and drives sustainable growth
54
What must be done to break the poverty cycle in Africa?
Reform education systems and invest in quality learning
55
What does poor governance undermine?
Trust in the government's ability to deliver services
56
What does poor governance lead to in tax systems and policing?
Inefficient tax collection and dishonest policing
57
How does poor governance affect human rights and the legal system?
Allows human rights violations and weakens legal independence
58
What does the absence of democratic elections result in?
Lack of accountability and oversight
59
Why is it important to understand Africa's governance history?
To see how past events shaped current governance
60
What has influenced Africa’s governance structures?
Diverse cultures, societies, and historical experiences
61
What factors have shaped governance in Africa?
Corruption, mismanagement, and colonial legacy
62
What did European powers impose during colonisation?
Artificial borders
63
What tensions did colonialism cause?
Ethnic and tribal tensions
64
What type of systems did colonial rule implement?
Extractive systems that neglected local institutions
65
What did African countries inherit post-independence?
Colonial political and economic systems
66
What contributed to internal conflicts post-independence?
Arbitrary colonial borders
67
What often hindered development after independence?
Power struggles and personal interests
68
What political trend followed African independence?
One-party rule and authoritarianism
69
What did authoritarian leaders often suppress?
Political opposition and freedoms
70
What impact did authoritarianism have on governance?
Increased corruption and ineffective governance
71
What political change occurred in late 20th-century Africa?
Shift to multi-party systems
72
What challenges persisted despite democratisation?
Corruption, weak institutions, lack of transparency
73
What happens when governments focus on the wrong priorities?
Underdevelopment and poor decisions
74
What is a vanity project?
Unnecessary spending on prestige projects over essential services
75
What are the effects of investing in vanity projects?
Poor healthcare, education, and worsening poverty
76
Which leader is known for excessive vanity spending in Zimbabwe?
Robert Mugabe
77
What is kleptocracy?
A system where rulers enrich themselves using public funds
78
How does kleptocracy affect public services?
Diverts money from essential services like healthcare and education
79
Which country is an example of kleptocracy in Africa?
Angola under José Eduardo dos Santos
80
What did Angola suffer despite oil wealth?
Corruption and poor public services
81
What does kleptocracy perpetuate?
Inequality and poverty
82
What did colonialism leave behind in Africa?
Arbitrary borders and weakened governance structures
83
What social problem stems from colonial borders?
Ongoing ethnic tensions and conflict.
84
How many armed conflicts are ongoing in Africa?
Over 35 non-international armed conflicts
85
What do armed conflicts cause?
Displacement, instability, and halted development
86
What is the impact of conflict on infrastructure?
Destroys roads, hospitals, and schools
87
Why does conflict hinder economic growth?
Disrupts trade, agriculture, and investment
88
What triggered the 2013 South Sudan civil war?
Allegations of a coup by Riek Machar
89
How many died in the South Sudan war by 2018?
Around 400,000 people
90
How many were displaced due to the conflict?
Over 4 million people
91
What was a major consequence of war in South Sudan?
Severe hunger and food insecurity
92
What effect does terrorism have on development?
Disrupts economic activities and diverts resources
93
Why do terrorist groups often form?
Due to human rights abuses and lack of democracy
94
What sectors are harmed by terrorism?
Agriculture, trade, and tourism
95
What region has been heavily affected by terrorism?
The Sahel
96
Name key terrorist groups in the Sahel.
Boko Haram, Al-Qaeda, and ISIS
97
How many people in Africa live in poverty?
About 420 million, roughly one-third of the population
98
How does poverty affect development?
It increases demand for services while limiting resources and tax revenue
99
What does a cycle of poverty mean?
Poverty limits investment in services, reducing productivity and reinforcing poverty
100
How does poor childhood nutrition affect adults?
It can reduce earnings by 26% due to stunted growth and lower cognitive ability
101
What percent of Sub-Saharan African children are at risk of poor development?
Around 66%
102
What are the main causes of poverty in Africa?
Colonial legacy, economic exploitation, poor infrastructure, instability, and lack of services
103
How does poverty affect tax revenue?
Lower incomes reduce taxes, limiting government investment in development
104
What is the poverty rate in Sub-Saharan Africa?
About 4 in 10 people live in poverty
105
How does Africa's poverty rate compare globally?
Sub-Saharan Africa has over half the world’s extreme poor
106
How does poverty hinder healthcare and education?
It limits funding and access, reducing public service quality and reach
107
What is a specific country example of poverty’s impact?
Nigeria – over 40% live in poverty despite being a large economy
108
How does poverty create a barrier to national growth?
It reduces productivity, limits service access, and traps nations in underdevelopment
109
What is debt?
Borrowing money with interest that must be repaid
110
What happens when you can’t repay debt?
Interest accumulates, making repayment harder and debt larger
111
Why did many African nations borrow money?
To try to boost development after independence
112
Who are common lenders to African countries?
Wealthy nations, IMF, and World Bank
113
How does debt hinder development?
Repayments reduce funds for healthcare, education, and infrastructure
114
What are Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)?
IMF/World Bank reforms requiring spending cuts and privatisation
115
What was a negative impact of SAPs?
Increased inequality and reduced basic services
116
Name two countries heavily affected by SAPs.
Zambia and Ghana
117
What often happened to loans in Africa?
Spent on military or prestige projects, not development
118
What does it mean to be in a debt cycle?
Borrowing to repay previous loans, trapping countries in debt
119
What portion of African government budgets can debt take up?
A significant portion, limiting funds for services
120
How does debt affect investor confidence?
It reduces it, causing instability and slower growth
121
Name African countries with very high debt-to-GDP ratios.
Eritrea (146%), Cabo Verde (120%), Mozambique & Zimbabwe (102%)
122
What happened in Mozambique due to debt?
A hidden debt crisis in 2016 caused economic instability
123
How does high debt contribute to underdevelopment?
It diverts funds from key sectors, deepens poverty, and stalls progress
