social developments to 1914

Question 1

stat for amount of factory workers by 1900 and 1913

Answer 1

• 2 million 1900
• six million 1913

Question 2

urban population between 1867 and 1917

Answer 2

• 7 million to 28 million

Question 3

st petersburg peasant born population 1914 compared to 50 years earlier

Answer 3

3/4 peasants by birth 1914
1/3 50 years earlier

Question 4

st petersburg population growth stat

Answer 4

half population arrived in last 20 years

Question 5

where did urban workers live (and conditions)

Answer 5

• barrack-like buildings
• overcrowded and lacked adequate sanitation
• ate in communal canteens and washed in communal bathhouses
• 40% in petrograd had no running water or sewage system
• 30k died of cholera 1908-1909

Question 6

rent as an urban worker

Answer 6

• took half of wages
• those who couldn’t afford rent would lay down in the factory alongside their machines or lived rough on the streets

Question 7

how much of the workforce did women account for in 1885 and 1914

Answer 7

• 1/5 1855
• 1/3 1914

Question 8

how much did women earn as an urban worker?

Answer 8

• less than half average wage

Question 9

when was the industrial depression?

Answer 9

• 1900-1908

Question 10

wage increase compared to inflation

Answer 10

• 245 to 264 roubles a month up until 1914
• inflation ran at 40 percent

Question 11

three examples of workers legislation 1885 to 1912

Answer 11

• prohibition of night time employment of women and children 1885
• female labour and those under 12 forbidden in mines 1892
• hours reduced to 11 and a half 1897

Question 12

rise in education

Answer 12

• 85% rise in primary education
• gov promoted use of technical schools and universities
• 55% children in full time education by 1914

Question 13

how many strikes were there in 1914

Answer 13

• 3574

Question 14

lena goldfields massacre

Answer 14

• 1912
• miners strike in siberia
• bolsheviks helped to spread activity
• 500 killed or injured
• set off a wave of sympathetic strikes in siberia and beyond

Question 15

scheme for poorer peasants

Answer 15

• gov sponsored emigration from rural south to the west
• only 3.5m out of 97m peasants took advantage of this sponsorship

Question 16

peasant community development

Answer 16

• village commune remained heart of peasant life
• proportion of land communes only fell from 73% to 60% even after stolypins reforms
• community solidarity shared
• religion helped with social cohesion too

Question 17

how did peasant live partially improve?

Answer 17

• health and care improvements through zemstva

Question 18

mortality rates

Answer 18

• higher than those in any other european country
• too few doctors for the large rural population

Question 19

illiteracy rates by 1914

Answer 19

60% illiterate

Question 20

continuity of nobility

Answer 20

those that thrived on favourable land arrangements kept wealth
those who had government links or strong military connections maintained wealth
-

Question 21

change in noble status

Answer 21

• due to emancipation, some nobles struggled to meet debt
• those who failed to understand modern money management and investment for the future failed to retain wealth

Question 22

redistributive taxation

Answer 22

• when richer people are taxed to allow for welfare benefits to be given to the poorer members of society
• redistributing wealth

Question 23

‘united nobility’

Answer 23

• first meeting held 1906
• nobles who were determined to retain property rights and traditional interests
• reflects determination and strength of the class

Question 24

how did the middle class progress?

Answer 24

• management and professional positions improved due to industrialisation
• more opportunities for enterprising
• growth of education meant more administrators

Question 25

new industrial society job opportunities

Answer 25

- 5000 veterinary surgeons - 4000 agronomists - doctors increased 17,000 to 28,000

Question 26

change in women’s rights

Answer 26

- alexander iii and nicholas ii tried to cut back on women’s rights - however first all-russian congress of women met 1908, attended by 1035, campaigned for women’s franchise

Question 27

chnage in education

Answer 27

- gov expenditure increased 5m 1896 to over 82m 1914 - reading rooms established to flourish literature

Question 28

effect of relaxation of censorship

Answer 28

- produced a ‘silver age’ - experiments in modernism - e.g. igor stravinsky’s music and serge diaghilev’s ballets

Question 29

continuity in russian culture

Answer 29

- 1913 tercentenary year of Romanov dynasty - celebrations encouraged orthodoxy and traditional ideas - orthodoxy influenced government and community - patriotism remained and amplified by tercentenary celebrations - patriotism enhanced as war declared