opposition: ideas and ideologies Flashcards
1
Q
who was prince georgi lvov
A
- liberal kadet leader
- became leader of the Russian Union of Zemstva in 1914
- became leader of Zemgor in 1915 and helped with war effort
- favoured a decentralised government but had a traditional outlook
- became chairman of the Provincial Government March 1917
2
Q
pyotr berngardovich struve
A
- interested in marxism and populism
- lawyer, economist and philosopher
- 1900 became leader of the moderate ring wing of Russian Marxists
- forced into exile in germany, produced radical literature which was smuggled into russia
- returned 1905, became co-founder of the kadets
- supported government during outbreak of WW1
3
Q
who was viktor chernov
A
- 1894 joined peoples will
- arrested and put into exile
- travelled to switzerland to produce much of the intellectual input needed for the SRs to be set up 1899
- leader of the SRs in the 2nd duma of 1907
- minister for agriculture in the prov government of 1917
4
Q
Lenin
A
- became leader of the ‘elders’, wrote pamphlets organising worker strikes
- activities led to exile in siberia
- produced ‘what is to be done’, arguing need for revolution instead of trade unionism
- founded revolutionary newspaper ‘iskra’ (the spark)
- remained in exile until 1917
- bolshevik leader after SDP split in 1903
5
Q
julius martov
A
- helped found the emancipation of labour group and the SD movement
- contributed to the iskra
- favoured working through trade unions, cooperatives and soviets
- not invited to join bolsheviks after oct 1917, after mensheviks banned 1918
- exiled 1920
6
Q
trotsky
A
- involved in strike and marxist activity as a teen
- exiled and imprisoned in siberia
- escaped and used a false passport 1902
- 1905 deputy chairman of the st petersburg soviet
- arrested but escaped
7
Q
why did liberal opposition become enhanced?
A
- the spread of education and emergence of a stronger middle class due to industrialisation meant there was growing support for better representation and the rule of law
8
Q
what did the Tver Zemstvo request?
A
- petitioned for Nicholas II to set up an advisory body
- 1895
9
Q
what did prince lvov want?
A
- creation of an all-class zemstvo at district (volost) level and a national assembly
10
Q
who tried to set up the ‘al-zemstvo organisation’ and when?
A
- ivan shipov
- 1896
- was immediately banned
11
Q
what did more radical liberals do in 1899?
A
- established the Beseda Symposium to meet in secret to discuss matters of liberal interest (judicial reform and universal education)
12
Q
what happened to the liberals in 1900 by the tsar?
A
- an order of dismissal of hundreds of liberals from the elected board of the zemstva
- the beseda symposium assumed leadership of the liberal movement
13
Q
what types of people were attracted to the beseda symposium in 1900?
A
- town leaders, public figures, members of legal and teaching professions and industrialists
14
Q
who founded the union of liberation?
A
- pyotr struve
15
Q
when was the union of liberation founded?
A
- 1903
16
Q
how did struve change his stance at the beginning of the 1900s?
A
- defected from marxism as he opposed the violent revolution commitment
- began a journal (liberation) which he published in germany to escape censorship
17
Q
what did struve want for russia? why?
A
- ‘peaceful evolution’
- wanted a constitutional system
- so workers could campaign legally to improve their conditions
18
Q
when did the union of liberation meet?
A
- 1904
- reps of zemstva and other professional societies were invited
- worked towards their shared goal of an established constitutional government
19
Q
how influential were liberals before 1905?
A
- limited political influence
- able to get the national body = the state dumas
20
Q
agrarian socialism
A
- taking estates from landowners and dividing the land between the peasants to be farmed communally
21
Q
when was ‘agrarian socialism’ revived?
A
- after the great famine 1891-1892
- as it highlighted the need for reform of the rural economy
22
Q
who assassinated nikolay bogolepov? when? who was bogolepov?
A
- pyotr karpovich (student)
- 1901
- minister of education
23
Q
details of the murder of bogolepov
A
- 1901
- karpovich was a student rebel
- thousands gathered for his support
- broken up by the police, 60 injured, 800 arrested
- provoked demonstrations in moscow, an attempt on pobdonostevs life
24
Q
when was the SR founded?
A
- 1901
25
why was the SR formed?
- founded as a rallying point for those who wished to appeal to the peasantry through a commitment of ‘land socialisation’ and decentralised government
26
what were the SR?
- wanted to attract the urban working class
- originally peasant led
- support from unions and professionals
- populist movement, led by Chernov
27
methods used by the SR
- left faction had terrorist attributes
- right wanted to cooperate with other parties to improve worker conditions
- 1901 to 1905 terrorist faction dominated the party
- 2000 political assassinations
- factions broke the party up, remained violent 1906 onwards
28
details of violence by the SR
- 2k political assassinations
- including grand duke sergei and plehve
29
who were the populists?
- aka narodniks (‘the people’)
- looked to the peasantry to overthrow tsar
- drawn from upper and middle classes
- ability to educate peasants on revolutionary demand
- assassinations
- good intentions, malice actions
30
methods used by the narodniks
- some turned to terrorism when peasants couldn’t understand or didnt conform
- peoples will intended to murder members of the ruling class
- importance lay with methods rather than ideas
- assassination weakened party/made their cause less legitimate
31
aims of the social democrats
- marxist ideas prominent following ‘great spurt’ of 1890s
- revolution into a socialist state
32
what were the bolsheviks aims?
- ‘democratic socialism’ led by a central committee
- restricted membership, wanted members in small cells so that they could escape police in short notice
- revolution by force
- suggested bourgeoise and prolateriat revolution could happen simultaneously
- felt parties job was to educate workers to lead them through the revolution
33
what were the mensheviks aims?
- bourgeois stage of revolution first
- democratic party decisions with member votes
- wanted better wages and conditions
- membership should be open to all and the party should work through unions and other worker’s organisations to raise worker’s consciousness
- wanted to follow democratic procedures and feared approach of bolsheviks could lead to dictatorship
34
who led the bolsheviks?
lenin in 1903
35
what does bolshevik mean?
majority
36
what does menshevik mean?
- minority
37
who led the mensheviks?
martov
38
what methods did bolsheviks use?
- didn’t cooperate with other parties
- didn’t advocate for better working conditions
- wanted to turn workers into revolutionaries
39
what methods did the mensheviks use?
- used support of other parties and unions for better wages and working conditions
40
what did liberals want?
constitution
democratically elected assembly
social change
civil rights
freedom of the individual
41
who were moderates?
those who were loyal to the tsar
42
what methods did liberals use?
reforms
non violent action
dumas/october manifesto
43
when were the srs founded
1899 by chernov
44
who was struve?
- 1900 leader of moderate russian marxists
- exiled to germany
- 1905 founder of the kadets
- joined the whites in ww1
45
what were the whites?
those who sided with the tsar in ww1
46
political growth 1984 - 1900
- nicholas II tsar
- black hundreds emerge
47
who were the black hundreds?
- nationalists gangs, devoted to ‘tsar, church and motherland’
- emerged 1900 and supported by the clergy, landowners and gov officials
- major role in 1905 revolution
48
political developments 1900 - 1905
- bloody sunday 1905
- october manifesto
- russo-japanese war
49
political developments 1905-1914
- 1st to 4th dumas
- stolypin 1906, courts martials led by senior military officials
50
when was the 1st duma?
may to july 1906
51
when was the 2nd duma?
feb to june 1907
52
when was the 3rd duma?
- november 1907 to june 1912
53
when was the 4th duma?
- november 1912 to 1917
54
social and economic developments 1894 to 1900
- great spurt
- industrialisation
- growth rate of economy 8%
- railway tracks double
- trans siberian railway
- workers legislation
55
social and economic developments 1900-1905
- russo japanese war
- industrial growth and urbanisation
- poor working and living conditions
- numerous strikes (siberia)
- censorship relaxed
56
social and economic developments 1905 - 1914
- agricultural reform (stolypin)
- strikes in cities
57
intellectual ideology development 1894 - 1900
- socialism/marxism
- moderate liberal call for reform of tsardom
58
intellectual ideology development 1900 - 1905
- socialist growth/marxism
- moderate liberal call for reform of tsardom
59
intellectual ideology development 1905 - 1914
- unions restricted
60
opposition movement development 1894-1900
- sr founded 1899
- sdp founded 1898
- black hundreds
- student unrest
61
example of student unrest 1894 - 1900
- cossacks kill 13 students on a march in st petersburg)
62
opposition movement development 1900 - 1905
- struve leader of russian wing of marxists (1900)
- sdp split 1903
- 1903 union of liberation
63
opposition movement development 1905-1914
- 1906 - 1910 497 trade unions closed down and 604 denied registration
- less opposition, moderate liberals tried to cooperate with duma system
- opposition parties weak and divided
64
when were the peoples will set up
1879
65
who dominated the 1st and 2nd dumas?
kadets
66
who dominated the 3rd and 4th dumas?
- octoberists
67
when were parties made illegal?
- 1905
68
what set apart srs from marxism?
- emphasis on the peasantry and ‘land redistribution’
69
how impactful were the srs in the 1905 revolution?
- made a full programme nov 1905 and formed a separate combat organisation
70
details of persecution of the srs
- 4579 socialists sentenced to death between 1905 and 1909
- 2365 actually executed
71
what was a ‘spectacular success’ of the srs?
- assassination of PM stolypin 1911
72
where and when was the ‘first congress of the sdp’?
- 1898
- minsk
- three man committee
- six meetings held, no minutes taken for the importance of scrutiny
73
what happened to the sdp congress?
- the okhrana broke it up by arresting 2 of the committee
74
details of the second sdp congress
- 1903
- brussels
- then to a chapel in shoreditch, london
- 51 voting delegates
- factions were established
75
what types of unions survived after the legalisation and shutting down of some?
- the better-paid male skilled workers
- particularly metal trades
76
what was the impact of the 1907 economic depression?
- rise in unemployment
- political clampdown reduced opportunity for union action
- shooting of unarmed demonstrators at lena godfields april 1912 created a new impetus for opposition
77
details of strikes 1905 to 1914
- union activity mainly confined to st petersburg
- 3/4 strikes took place here
- half of strikes were in the metal trades
- particularly the st petersburg society of mill and factory owners
78
what was the overall impact of opposition 1905 to 1914
- geographical limitations
- 12% enterprises experienced strikes
- general strike in st petersburg in first half of july 1914 only brought around a quarter of the manufacturing labour force
79
impact of liberal opposition
- largely appeased by the dumas, gave hope of further constitutional evolution
- no single, strong opposition among the nationalities after 1905 (aside from poles and finns no one wanted outright independence)
80
impact of srs and sdps
- weakened by exile of their leaders after 1905 weakened the parties as unable to have effective control over the parties from abroad
- the split in the sdp weakened opposition success
- rivalry between the two weakened their cause
- suffered from secret police network, successful in smashing revolutionary cells
- industrial repression 1907, lack of finance, shortage of secret printing presses made organisation difficult
81
details of bolshevik revival 1912 to 1914
- succeeded in taking over many legal institutions in st petersburg and moscow from mensheviks
- gained six workers deputies in fourth duma
- pravda newspaper launched april 1912, higher circulation than luch by the mensheviks
- however no success with army or navy and nothing came of their promised political strike, to provoke mass street demonstrations and recreate a soviet of worker’s deputies on the 1905 model
82
overview of effectiveness of opposition up to 1914
- appeared weakened and demoralised
- most workers were politically apathetic, trade unions failed to prove a broad popular base and labour protest was contained by repression an minimal concessions
83
