economic development of russia to 1914

Question 1

mid 1890s annual growth rate

Answer 1

8%

Question 2

stats of industrial transformation

Answer 2

• railway trackage doubled
• coal = 183 m puds in 1890 to 671 m in 1900
• france supplied a third of all foreign capital

Question 3

foreign investment stats, 1895, 1900, 1914
millions of roubles

Answer 3

1895 = 280
1900 = 911
1914 = 2000

Question 4

when was the new currency implemented? details of it too

Answer 4

• january 1897
• new rouble backed by gold

Question 5

state involvement in the economy

Answer 5

• early twentieth century, owned 70% all railway
• held extensive holdings in the growing of ‘heavy industrial plant’
• state bought 2/3 all metallurgical production, money injected to make good the losses of the russo-japanese war defeat

Question 6

what was this economic growth called?

Answer 6

the great spurt
(1890s)

Question 7

1905 railway stat

Answer 7

• 60km of railways

Question 8

what did railway expansion help with?

Answer 8

• helped open up russian interior and allowed more extensive exploitation of russian materials
• linked grain-growing areas to black sea ports, reinforcing the export drive
• transport costs fell, bringing down the price of goods
• gov made money from freight and passenger fares

Question 9

trans-siberian railway

Answer 9

• linked european russia and moscow with the pacific ocean
• 7000 kilometers
• economic benefits, through construction and by opening up western siberia for emigration and farming

Question 10

stats for improvement to heavy industry

Answer 10

• russia able to compete with usa on international market as they took second place in oil production, while country ranked fourth in gold mining
• donbas region supplied 87% russian coal by 1913

Question 11

putilov iron works

Answer 11

• 1885, provided 1/4 states orders for locomotives, wagons and rails
• supported russia through the first world war
• specialised in machinery, artillery and products made of high quality steel

Question 12

number of factories and factory workers in 1887

Answer 12

factories = 30,888
workers = 1.3m

Question 13

number of factories and workers in 1908

Answer 13

factories = 39,856
workers = 2.6m

Question 14

growth of coal in metric tons 1890 to 1910

Answer 14

1890 = 5.9
1910 = 25.4

Question 15

growth of pig iron in metric tons 1890 to 1910

Answer 15

1890 = 0.98
1910 = 3.0

Question 16

growth of crude oil in metric tons 1890 to 1910

Answer 16

1890 = 3.9
1910 = 12.1

Question 17

textiles stat

Answer 17

• accounted for 40% total industrial output in 1910

Question 18

industrial developments 1908 to 1914

Answer 18

state revenue
1908 = 2 bn roubles
1914 = 4 bn roubles

number of banks
1908 = 1146
1914 = 2393

number of factories
1908 = 22,600
1914 = 24,900

number of workers
1908 = 2.5m
1914 = 2.9m

Question 19

annual production of materials 1900 to 1913

Answer 19

coal
1900 = 16.1m tons
1913 = 35.4m tons

grain (european russia only)
1900 = 56m tons
1913 = 90m tons

Question 20

population growth 1897 to 1913

Answer 20

1897 = 93m
1913 = 122m

Question 21

russias comparative growth compared to italy, france, germany, britain between 1984 and 1913

Answer 21

russia = 50%
italy = 121%
france = 52%
germany = 58%
britain = 70%

Question 22

russias foreign trade in comparison to britain, france and germany in 1913

Answer 22

russia = £190m
britain = £1,223m
germany = £1,030m
france = £424m

Question 23

agriculture developments

Answer 23

• solcha/wooden plough widely used as well as medieval rotation systems
• kulaks who sold and bought grain had improved themsleves

Question 24

when was responsibility removed from the mir to pay peasant taxes for them?

Answer 24

1903

Question 25

what did stolpyin want out of the land reforms?

Answer 25

- wanted peasants to own their land in one specific place all together, rather than land being scattered around villages

Question 26

when are redemption payments abolished?

Answer 26

- jan 1907 - however in reality they bae long since ceased to be paid in full

Question 27

land reform legislation of sep 1906

Answer 27

- encouragement of settlement and migration in siberia through gov subsidies - more land made available for peasants to buy

Question 28

land reform legislation of october 1906

Answer 28

- peasants granted equal rights to local administration

Question 29

land reform legislation of november 1906

Answer 29

- peasants given right to leave commune - peasants can withdraw land from commune and make one compact farm - peasants land bank established to help fund land ownership - therefore allows personal property of the individual - land organisation committees set up

Question 30

land organisation committees

Answer 30

- contains reps elected by peasants to supervise procedure of land distribution in november 1906 land reform

Question 31

land reform of jan 1907

Answer 31

- redemption payments abolished

Question 32

land reform of june 1910

Answer 32

- all communes which had not been redistributed since 1861 are dissolved

Question 33

when did stolypin become minister of internal affairs?

Answer 33

- 1906

Question 34

results of land legislation

Answer 34

- peasant hereditary land increase - good harvests 1913 - emigration of 3.5m peasants to west siberia helping siberia develop into a major agricultural region

Question 35

failures of land legislation

Answer 35

- by 1913, only 1.3m out of 5m applications for consolidation and hereditary tenure of individual farms had been dealt with - by 1914, only around 10% land had been transferred from communal to private ownership - fewer than 1% achieved kulak status, many others forced to leave farms and join migrant labourers - therefore showing changes in land tenure arrangements took a long time to process and measures were not always successful