Social, cultural and ethical influences Flashcards
what is leisure
time spent away from work and free from obligations
what is physical recreation
a physical activity or pastime that promotes health, relaxation and enjoyment
what is play
to take part in a sport or activity for enjoyment
what is sport
an activity that invovles physical education and skill, either as an individual or as part of a team competing against another person or team
give me 5 examples of difference between sport and physical recreation
sport:
needs officials, can be a carrer (earn money), requires a high amount of exertion, has specific strategies
physical recreation:
may have basic or no rules, can be spontanious, not serious or competitive, done for health/enjoyment, no officials
factors affecting what someone does during leisure time
Age - Restrictions of ages to prevent injuries, older people have lower levels of fitness which might impact their choice of activity.
Family influence - Their family may traditionally play a sport. Younger people are influenced more by their peers
Interest - Influences by media and their family. Indoor vs Outdoor
Facilities - Standard of facilities around you will influence what you do. E.g. trying to surf in a city not near a cost
Geography of where you live - Depends on what facilities you have near you and what the climate is.
Culture + Tradition - Some cultures promote or disapprove certain activities.
Peer influences - Younger people are influenced more by their peers
what are factors which influence the growth in leisure activites
Advances in technology
Wider media coverage
Improvements in healthcare
More leisure activities
Increase in leisure time
Reduced cost of equipment
what is the sports development pryamid
the promotion of sports activites for the community
describe the foundation level
this is the largest amount of people
consists of young people and beginners
PE lessons or mini sports
learning basics and fundamentals
having fun
describe the participation level
individuals make choises about which sports they enjoy and would like to pursue further
organsied sporting activites at clubs
more structured than foundation
enjoyment is main focus
describe the preformance level
fcus on developing preformance towards the elite stage
participants focus on 1 or 2 sports
training and competition and regular and important
the emphasis is more on being professional and developing rahter than having fun
describe the elite stage
involves the highest level preformers
they move from regional to nationals groups
governing bodies are responsible for development and funding
high levels of support (medical, coaching, nutrition)
sacrifices are made around lifestyle
usually professional
why do we need a sports development pryamid
Participants know where they are placed and what their next steps are.
Participants have an appropriate amount of support for their level.
Policy makers and providers can plan how to encourage participants and ensure there are many people staying active and healthy.
how can policy makers increse the number of people in the foundation stage
Sponsorship
Pe lessons
Summer camps
Extra curricular
Better and more facilities
Media coverage
what is a sports development officer
A professional whose job it is to identify and support a planned route for participants and performers through the 4 stages of the sport development pyramid across all sports.
how do sports development officers do their jobs
Awareness - ensuring that all sections of the community are aware of what is provided and where
Sharing information and promoting sports
Organising classes, programmes, coaching, club development and training (specialist coaches)
Working with schools, national governing bodies, councils (camaras) and anyone else who is involved with sports
factors affecting access to physicl activity
Age - age restrictions, transport for matches (children), weight training for children is not advised
Gender - men only clubs, women’s sport less popular than men’s (this is changing), less funding in women’s sports
Disability - lack of provision, facilities without equipment (ramps…), lack of transport, need of a coach using a certain type of communication
Social and cultural influences - social norms (acceptable for men vs women), cultural belifs, economic status
factors affecting participation in sport
Financial considerations - expensive activities may not be accessible to people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds
Time commitment - family, work or other commitments mean it is harder to be apart of a sport
Role models - fewer in female and minority groups have less role models
Watching sports/ media coverage - men have more inspiration to participate
Environment - where you live (if you live in warm places you will do more outdoor sports)
Family - some women are expected to look after their family
Education - people educated in benefits of sport are more likely to do sport
Discrimination - people who have disabilities or are from minority groups may be discriminated against sport which causes them to not want to do sport
strategies to increase participation and overcome barriers
promotion - role models and initiatives (cheeper memberships), education, sports are promoted, use of media
eg. simone biles, serena williams and women role models
access - imrpve facilities, equipment, specialist centers, gyms in offices allow people that work in a office to have access and pricing
provision - leisure centres for older people, appropriate sessions for 50+, gender equality and racism campaigns in sport
PAP acryonym
sponsorship
The support given to a sport, sports event or organisation by an outside body or person for the mutual benefit for both parties.
brand
The creation of a recognisable image that widely identifies a product and differentiates it from its competitors
how can sponsors support
finance: funding from the sponsor to help pay for daily living and training costs of preformers
players may need to promote the business by wearing clothing during competition or at public functions
clothing, footwear and equipment: provide free equipment to high profile athletes for massive exposure
example tiger woods had a line with nike
facilities: stadiums being funded or sponsored by big companies
eg the allianz arena in munich
advantages and disadvantages of sponshorship for sponsors
ad:
Their brand gets their products/services promoted through well known individuals
Sponsorship money is generally not taxed
Increases sales and revenue
dis:
If the athlete does something that is not in line with the brand then they may lose that sponsorship and it may affect the brand reputation
advantages and disadvantages of sponshorship for preformer
ad:
Provides the performer with potential financial support, exposure and career longevity
dis:
The performer can become reliant on the brand which could then pull them out
Sponsors occasionally go bankrupt causing the the funding to go
advantages and disadvantages of sponshorship for sport
ad: rename competitions, cups and leagues, brand their development programmes, improve facilities.
More money for sport for better coaches and more
dis: when a sponsor’s image or product appears to undermine the sporting message
Minority sports are less often able to get sponsors
advantages and disadvantages of sponshorship for audience and spectators
ad: Sponsors often bring their audiences to the event, helping it grow
Sport becomes more high profile and players are better
Funding can be used for better stadiums..
dis:
Over-Commercialization – Excessive advertising and branding can take away from the enjoyment of the game, making it feel more like a business than a sport.
It may be costly and audiences have to pay to watch it
role of the media
is to inform the public about the latest news, educate through statistical analysis and pundit opinions, entertain through exciting coverage of events and advertise sports to increase awareness.
types of media
Television: subscription and non-subscription provide coverage of various sports
Internet: websites provide up to date opinions of sport. Social media allows opinions to be shared and the public see sporting athlete accounts
Print media: includes newspapers and magazines which provide weekly or daily coverage of a specific sport usually in more detail
Radio: provided sport specific live coverage and allows people to phone-in and give their views
advantages and disadvanages of media types of the preformer
television
internet
print
television:
increased exposure
career growth opportunites
replay and analysis
increased pressure
reduction in attendence
editing and misrepresentation
internet:
direct connection with fans
marketing and promotion
creative control
negaive criticism
privacy concerns
unstable income
print:
long lasting
in depth converage
creadibility
limited reach
costly
time consuming
advantages and disadvanages of media types of the audience and spectators
television
internet
print
television:
wider access
convenience
cost effctive
lack of atmosphere
potential for bias
delays and adverntisements
internet:
easy access to preformances
increased variety and choice
instant updates and news
overload of content
advertisements and paywalls
shorter attention spans
print:
detailed information
conveinence
time dependent
geographical limitations
enviromental impact
advantages and disadvanages of media types of the sport/event
television
internet
print
television:
increased popularity
financial growth
instant replays/VAR tech
commercialization
increased pressure
rule changes for TV appeal
internet:
fan engagement
promotion of lesser known sports
accessibility and convenience
over concercialisation
tech issues/streaming problems
print:
broader audience reach
focused content
lack of timeliness
limited interactivity
amateur def and examples
engaging in a sport on an unpaid basis
Sport is leisure activity
Take part for enjoyment
Taking part is more important than the result
Training is done during spare time
They choose when they take part
professional def and examples
preforming in a sports activirt as ones main occupation or job rather than a passtime
Sport is their job
Professionals take part for money
Winning is usually main aim
Training is a full time occupation
They preform where and when they are told to (by clubs, managers…)
what are blurred lines
The lines between amateur and professional sports have become increasingly blurred due to sponsorships, financial incentives, and commercialization, allowing amateurs to receive funding while maintaining non-professional status.
what are advantages that professional athletes get
Professionals are full-time so they are likely to be fitter and have more skill.
Professional have access to high quality coaches and technology
Professional athlete use better facilities and have access to sports science which helps progress and recovery.
Professional athletes may have the opportunity to access high altitude training.
Professional athletes have better funding from sponsorship deals.
sportsmanship
Sportsmanship is upholding the spirit of the game by being honest and playing by the rules and showing respect for your opponent
gamesmanship
Gamesmanship is seeking to gain an advantage in anyway you can that is not against the rules. It may at times be unfair to your opponents and treads a fine line between cheating and playing by the rules
It’s playing between the lines of not against the rules and sportsmanship
technology in sport
Safety: Helmets, crash mats, motor racing head support
Clothing: wicking fabrics, insulated clothing, swimsuits
Officiating: marking spray, ball tracking technology, video umpire
Training aids: artifical grass, bowling machines, closing roofs
Preformance anaylsis: slow motion video, data analysis, OPTA statistics
Materials, carbon fibre, rubber tracks, sprung floors
Sports medicine: altitude tents, ice baths, cryotherapy, physiotherapy
Footwear: studs, spikes, indoor/astro shoes
advantages and disadvantages of technology for officials
advantages:Difficult decisions can be reviewed, increased communication
disadvantages:
more pressure to get the decision correct
advantages and disadvantages of technology for preformers
advantages:
Improvements in training. Performance can be reviews
disadvanages:
Not all athletes have access to the latest to
advantages and disadvantages of technology for spectators
advantages:
Better camera views and slow motion allow better understanding. Expertise analysis.
disadvantages:
Slows down the game
Times of games can be changed
advantages and disadvantages of technology for sport/events
advantages:
Easier to promote and advertise through social media
disadvantages:
Changes traditions of sports
advantages of being a host nation
Stadia and training facilities
Home advantage
Increased national pride
Improved tourism
Increased employment
Legacy implications
Infrastructure
disadvantages of being a host nation
New facilities cost a lot.
Buildings may be unused after the event
Personal cost (e.g. Higher Taxes)
Displacement of people- Rio 2016: slums vs Olympic park
Political reasons = demonstrations
what are preformance-enhancing drugs
Chemical substances that change the chemical balance of the body when taken, affecting the performer’s ability and providing an unfair advantage when performing.
what is doping
The use of illegal substances (PEDs) by athletes or sports performers in order to improve their performances
what is ethical
To do with the morals or principles; ethical behaviour involves high moral standards, being honest and following the correct code of conduct.
consequences of PED’s
Banned from sport
Damaging reputation
Losing sponsorship
Affect their health:
- Blood pressure
- Heart failure
- Liver problems
- Effect hormones
- Strokes
- Weakened muscles.
why are PED’s banned
So competition is fair
To protect the health of the performers
Protect athletes from being pressured into using them
They are illegal, could lead to suspension or drug scandal (lost sponsorship & bad image)
why are PED’s used
To enhance performance
Keep up with the competition
The possibility of increased wealth and fame
what are the 4 PED’s
Beta blockers
Anabolic Steraoids
Diuretics
Stimulents
Beta blockers
Reduce heart rate and lower blood pressure by blocking adrenaline.
taken: Tablets or injections
advantages: Helps with steady hands and improved focus, reducing anxiety and tremors.
disadvantages: Can cause fatigue, dizziness, and dangerously low blood pressure.
used in: Archery, shooting, golf
test: Blood test
anabolic steraoids
Synthetic hormones that mimic testosterone to promote muscle growth.
taken: Orally or intramuscular injection
advantages: Increases muscle mass, strength, and recovery speed.
disadvantages: Can lead to liver damage, heart disease, mood swings, and infertility.
used in:Weightlifting, sprinting, bodybuilding
test: Urine test
Diuretics
Increase urine production to remove excess water and salts from the body.
taken: Pills or tablets
advantages: Helps with rapid weight loss and can mask other drug use.
disadvantages: Dehydration, muscle cramps, kidney damage, and electrolyte imbalance.
used in: Boxing, horse racing, wrestling
test: Urine test
Stimulants
Increase heart rate and alertness by stimulating the nervous system.
taken: Pills, tablets, injections or nasal sprays
advantages: Enhances endurance, reduces fatigue, and improves reaction time.
disadvantages: Can cause insomnia, heart problems, addiction, and anxiety.
used in: Cycling, sprinting, American football
test : Blood or urine test
what is blood doping
it involves removing blood and then re-transfusing it a few weeks later after the lost red blood cells have been replaces
what are EPO hormones
erythropoietin hormones
natrually occuring in kidneys
it causes the body to make more red blood cells
how is EPO given
an injection under the skin usually in tummy or thigh
how does blood doping with EPO help
it increases RBC production which improves the oxygen supply to muscles
this increases stamina (the ability to exert energy and remain active voer a long period of time)
risks and side effects of EPO’s and blood doping
Feeling sick.
High blood pressure.
Muscle or joint pain.
Blood becomes more viscous which can cause blood clots
Increased chance of heart of attack and stroke
Risk of infection if you share blood
Kidney disease
how are injuries caused
Explosive movements
Fatigue
Poor technique
Overuse
Overstretching
explain winding
difficulty in breathing
cause: blow to abdomen by ball or hitting action
Treatment:
Loosen clothing
Crouched position
Stay calm and deep breaths
exlpain cuts and grazes
Definition:
Cut: skin is broken, damage to blood vessels
Graze: skin is rubbed off, damage to blood vessels
Cause:
Cut: contact with sharp object
Graze: Scraping/rubbing against rough surface
Treatment:
Stop bleeding by applying pressure to the area using clean dry material. When bleeding stopped, cover wound with plaster
explain blosters
Definition: Fluid filled pocket that forms in the upper layers of skin
Causes: Rubbing or burning
Treatment: Clean the wound and protect it, rest so that it can heal
explain bruises
Definition: results from broken/burst capillaries under skin
Purple color is from blood leaking into soft tissue
Cause: impact with hard objects
Treatment: Cold compresses can help reduce swelling and internal bleeding
explain muscle strains
Definition: when a muscle is strained too much and part of it tears
Cause: Overuse of muscles or overstretching
Treatment: Rest and ice
explain joint/ligament sprain
Definition: when a ligament is stretched or torn
Cause: Excessive twisting or wrenching of a joint or pulled out of position
Treatment: rest and apply ice
explain tendon strain
Definition: When a tendon is irritated, over stretched or torn
Cause: Sudden sharp movements, repetitive exercise
Treatment: Rest and ice
explain RICE method
REST stop activity. Rest and protect injured area;
ICE -apply ice or similar (bag of frozen peas) to the area 15-20 mins sessions every 2-3 hours, REMEMBER to protect skin. Reduces swelling.
COMPRESSION - use an elastic bandage around injured area to help with swelling. MAKE SURE IT IS NOT TOO TIGHT;
ELEVATION - keep injured body part raised above level of the heart. Help reduce swelling;
definiton for perceived risk
Perceived risk: athletes or individuals personal view, some people may think an activity is dangerous while others may not
definition for real risk
Real risk: the amount of risk that exists, level of risk after taking into account safety controls and measures
definition for risk assessment
Risk assessment: A process used to evaluate the real risks involved in an activity
risks of grass feilds
Grass field:
Playing conditions: Slip or trip hazards can be caused by an uneven or excessively wet surface.
Goalposts and corner flags: The risk of poorly maintained posts collapsing, or a player colliding with them.
Debris: Presence of stones, bottles, litter etc., can cause injuries.
Equipment: Poorly maintained or secured equipment can pose a risk.
risk of artificial grass
Artificial grass:
Increased Injury Risk: Some studies have found that athletes are more likely to sustain injuries on artificial turf compared to natural grass.
Abrasive Injuries: Artificial turf can cause more abrasive injuries, along with soreness and pain, compared to natural grass.
Heat Absorption: Artificial turf can get much hotter than natural grass, which can lead to heat-related illnesses.
Joint Injuries: The harder surface of artificial turf can lead to increased stress on joints, potentially leading to injuries.
risk of swimming pools
Swimming pools:
Drowning: This is a major risk, especially for young children. Drowning often happens silently and quickly.
Slippery Surfaces: Wet surfaces around the pool can cause slips and falls.
Chemical Hazards: Disinfectants used in pools can sometimes pose health hazards.
Large Crowds: Particularly with small children, large crowds can increase the risk of accidents.
Different Areas of Depth: Swimmers, especially those who are not strong swimmers or who are unfamiliar with the pool, can get into trouble in deep water.
Water Features and Attractions: Slides, wave pools, fountains, etc., can pose additional risks.
risk of indoor sports halls
Indoor sports halls:
Uneven, raised, and insecure surfaces: These can cause trips and falls.
Placement of equipment: Poorly placed equipment can lead to accidents.
Risk of collisions: This can occur due to the close proximity of different activities. Walls and ceilings: Athletes can collide with these during activities.
Damage to equipment: Equipment that is constantly being moved can get damaged, posing a risk to users.
Availability of space: Limited space can increase the risk of accidents.
strategies to reduce risk or injury
Protective clothing and equipment
Appropriate clothing & footwear
Lifting and carrying equipment safely
Maintaining hydration
Use of warm and cool down
Following the rules
Suitable level of competition
