Skill acquisition and psychology Flashcards
what is skill
skill is the learned ability to bring about a predetermined result with maximum certainty and efficiency
what is ability
abiity is an inherited trait (such as speed,agility…) that help determine an indivdual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill
factors which can cause vartion in the level of skill
age + maturity
culture
motivation
anxiety
level of arousal
facilites
enviroment
teaching + coaching
how to remeber the characteristics of a skilled preformance
AACCFG
all animals cats, cows feel grass
what are the characteristics
aesthetically pleasing
accurate
coordinated
consistent
fluent
goal directed
how would facilites impact a preformer
if a football field is level and has leveled grass then a football athlete will be able to practice and perform better whereas if the field is uneven and the grass is unleveled then it is harder to perform
what is a continuum
a sliding scale between 2 extreme points. each point on a continuum is slightly greater or lesser
what is a basic skill
simple skills that require little coordination or though such as walking running throwing…
what is a complex skill
more difficult skills that require a higher level of coordination and concentration such as tripple jump or tennis serves
they tipically have subroutines
what is a closed skill
these skills are not affected by the enviroment or the preformers iwthin it. the athlete is in control of when and how they preform the skill
for example basketball free throw
what is an open skill
these are skills that are affected by the enviroment. there fore the preformer has to react and adjust to the situation and this will constantly change
for example a footballer has to react to the defender and choose where to go
what are fine skills
precise movements that require high levels of control, accuracy and technique. they are often small and intricate movements that require small groups of muscles such as fingers
for example tipping the ball over the blocker in volleyball
what are gross skills
movements that use large muscle groups to produce bug, powerful movements. gross skills are usually preformed by our arms and legs for exmaple olympic weightlifting or high jump
what is information processing
a process in which our senses ocllect all of the information avaliable to us before our brain processes this information and responds in a way we think is appropriate
what are the 4 stages of information preocessing
input
decision making
output
feedback
what is input
information collected from our enviroment by our modies senses and sent to the short term memory in our brain
what is decision making
information is filtered, processed and the long term memory is checked before making hwat we fell is the best decision
what is output
information is sent via our brain to the muscles and we preform the action that was selected in the decision-making phrase
what is feedback in the information process
feedback is what we gain after we complete the action. feedback can be intrinsic or extrinsic
what is intrinsic feedback
how the action felt, how it sounded or how it looked
what is extrinsic feedback
our teacher or coach tells us or shows us
information processing model for tennis
imput - the player observes the balls speed, opponents body position, sound of the ball hitting the raquet
decision making - players assess the ball’s speed and their own position on the court. they decide whether to fit a forehand, backhand or slice based on the input
output - swinging the racket to hit a forehand pr backhand shot. adjusting footwork to move into position for the next play
feedbacl - observing the ball’s trajectory and the opponent’s response to the shot
what is short term memory
information can only be held here for a short time only, if not acted on it is lost
what is long term memory
memory store that can hold vast amounts of information for a long period
what is the single chanel hypothosis
the theory that when receiving many stimuli ffrom the enviroment, the brain can only deal with one stimulus at a time
what is the limited channel capacity
our brains can only process a certain amount of information at once, too much information results in overload
how does a skill move from short to long term memory
1- information is collected by the body’s senses
2- the information collected by our senses is transferred to the short term memory
3- the information arrive at the short term memory
4- It stays here for only 1-2 minutes
5- the short term memory focuses on the important information. Selective attention
6- Selective Attention passes the important information onto the Long-Term memory for future use.
7- Through practice, the skill continually improves by receiving feedback and using pieces of information from our Long-Term memory.
8- Skill is permanently transferred to Long-Term memory and can be used autonomously.
what is a goal
a desired aim or outcome
SMARTER
specific
measurable
agreed
realistic
timed
exciting
recorded
importance of goal setting
increased motivation
reduces anxiety
how does goal setting increase your motivation
having a specific and realistic goal can excite and encourage an individual to work harder, be more focused during training and overcome setbacks
how does goal setting help reduce anxiety
setting an agreed and measurable goal reduces anxiety as a person can regularly record the progress being made over time
2 types of motivation
intrinsic
extrinsic
what is motivation
Motivation is a combination of a performer’s determination, drive and enthusiasm to achieve their goals and be successful.
intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic Motivation can be defined as an ‘inner drive’ or a motivation that comes from within.
extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation comes from a source outside of the performer. The source sometimes involves rewards or incentives which can encourage an individual to perform at a higher level.
what is arousal
The intensity or level of our motivation, alertness and excitement at any given moment
why do we need an optimum level of arousal
if we are under aroused we will not preform at our best but if we are over aroused it can have a negative impact of being too proud
draw an inverted U
what is anxiety
an emotional state accompanied by feelings of worry, nervousness and apprehension
what are the 2 types of anxiety and their relation
cognitive = mental
somatic = physical
cognitive anxiety and examples
Cognitive anxiety involves the mental symptoms of anxiety that take place in our own head.
overthinking, pressure, frustration
somatic anxiety and examples
Somatic Anxiety involves the physical symptoms of anxiety that we can physically feel or see. These symptoms may be due to a release of adrenaline.
increased heart + breathing rate, tensed muscles
what are the 2 personality types
introverts and extroverts
describe an introvert
Usually quiet, shy and prefer calm and relaxed environments.
They enjoy spending time alone and perform better at lower arousal levels.
describe an extrovert
Very socially outgoing.
They are very friendly, easy to talk to and love to engage and socialise with other people.
They perform better at higher arousal levels.
introvert in sports
Coaches and teammates must allow them to stay calm and focused.
Too much stimulation will cause them to be over-aroused and they will not perform well.
They prefer sports with fine movements, closed skills and regular routines where they are in control of their environment.
extroverts in sport
They need high arousal levels to perform.
Coaches and teammates need to keep them ‘excited’ about performing.
They prefer team games with open skills and lots of unpredictability, such as football or basketball.
They prefer open skills occur in sports where you cannot predict what will happen next.
sports for introverts and extroverts
introverts = gold, swimming, track
extroverts = basketball, football, volleyball
phsyiological sympotoms of over arousal
Dry mouth
Increased breathing rate + heart rate
Nausea
Sweaty palms
Tremors
psychological
Angry and aggressive
Feeling anxious
Poor technique
Out of control
methods of calming anxiety and arousal
visualisation
mental rehersal
deep breathing
what is guidance
Help & instruction given to guide learners through movement patterns, skills and techniques, helping them to acquire and improve skills.
what is feedback
In sport, feedback is information a performer receives about a skill or performance.
types of guidance
mechanical
manual
visual
verbal
what is manual guidance
Manual guidance is when a performer is physically guided, moved or supported by the teacher or coach
what is mechanical guidance
Mechanical guidance is when the performer is guided by equipment to support them whilst practicing the skill.
what is visual guidance
Visual guidance is when a performer is shown or can see the skill being performed or practiced. This is most commonly provided through a demonstration, video or an image / photo.
what is verbal guidance
Verbal Guidance is given by a teacher, coach or person observing your performance. It can be given before, during or after an athlete’s performance.
benefits of manual guidance
all stages of learning
used in practice
reduce risk of injury
you can feel the movement
safeguarding issues
benefits of mechanical guidence
for cognitive nad autonomous
offers safety
allows for building of confidence
can be expensive
you can feel complex movements
benefits of visual guidance
you can physically see the skills
quick and easy to use
can be rewatched
requires demenstrations
benefits of verbal guidance
all stages of learning
reuqires instructions to be detailed and consise
can be provded immediately
4 types of feedback
intrinsic
extrinsic
knowledge of results
knowledge of preformance
