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PE GCSE > Skill acquisition and psychology > Flashcards

Skill acquisition and psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what is skill

A

skill is the learned ability to bring about a predetermined result with maximum certainty and efficiency

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2
Q

what is ability

A

abiity is an inherited trait (such as speed,agility…) that help determine an indivdual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill

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3
Q

factors which can cause vartion in the level of skill

A

age + maturity
culture
motivation
anxiety
level of arousal
facilites
enviroment
teaching + coaching

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4
Q

how to remeber the characteristics of a skilled preformance

A

AACCFG
all animals cats, cows feel grass

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5
Q

what are the characteristics

A

aesthetically pleasing
accurate
coordinated
consistent
fluent
goal directed

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6
Q

how would facilites impact a preformer

A

if a football field is level and has leveled grass then a football athlete will be able to practice and perform better whereas if the field is uneven and the grass is unleveled then it is harder to perform

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7
Q

what is a continuum

A

a sliding scale between 2 extreme points. each point on a continuum is slightly greater or lesser

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8
Q

what is a basic skill

A

simple skills that require little coordination or though such as walking running throwing…

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9
Q

what is a complex skill

A

more difficult skills that require a higher level of coordination and concentration such as tripple jump or tennis serves
they tipically have subroutines

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10
Q

what is a closed skill

A

these skills are not affected by the enviroment or the preformers iwthin it. the athlete is in control of when and how they preform the skill
for example basketball free throw

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11
Q

what is an open skill

A

these are skills that are affected by the enviroment. there fore the preformer has to react and adjust to the situation and this will constantly change
for example a footballer has to react to the defender and choose where to go

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12
Q

what are fine skills

A

precise movements that require high levels of control, accuracy and technique. they are often small and intricate movements that require small groups of muscles such as fingers
for example tipping the ball over the blocker in volleyball

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13
Q

what are gross skills

A

movements that use large muscle groups to produce bug, powerful movements. gross skills are usually preformed by our arms and legs for exmaple olympic weightlifting or high jump

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14
Q

what is information processing

A

a process in which our senses ocllect all of the information avaliable to us before our brain processes this information and responds in a way we think is appropriate

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15
Q

what are the 4 stages of information preocessing

A

input
decision making
output
feedback

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16
Q

what is input

A

information collected from our enviroment by our modies senses and sent to the short term memory in our brain

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17
Q

what is decision making

A

information is filtered, processed and the long term memory is checked before making hwat we fell is the best decision

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18
Q

what is output

A

information is sent via our brain to the muscles and we preform the action that was selected in the decision-making phrase

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19
Q

what is feedback in the information process

A

feedback is what we gain after we complete the action. feedback can be intrinsic or extrinsic

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20
Q

what is intrinsic feedback

A

how the action felt, how it sounded or how it looked

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21
Q

what is extrinsic feedback

A

our teacher or coach tells us or shows us

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22
Q

information processing model for tennis

A

imput - the player observes the balls speed, opponents body position, sound of the ball hitting the raquet
decision making - players assess the ball’s speed and their own position on the court. they decide whether to fit a forehand, backhand or slice based on the input
output - swinging the racket to hit a forehand pr backhand shot. adjusting footwork to move into position for the next play
feedbacl - observing the ball’s trajectory and the opponent’s response to the shot

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23
Q

what is short term memory

A

information can only be held here for a short time only, if not acted on it is lost

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24
Q

what is long term memory

A

memory store that can hold vast amounts of information for a long period

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25
Q

what is the single chanel hypothosis

A

the theory that when receiving many stimuli ffrom the enviroment, the brain can only deal with one stimulus at a time

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26
Q

what is the limited channel capacity

A

our brains can only process a certain amount of information at once, too much information results in overload

27
Q

how does a skill move from short to long term memory

A

1- information is collected by the body’s senses
2- the information collected by our senses is transferred to the short term memory
3- the information arrive at the short term memory
4- It stays here for only 1-2 minutes
5- the short term memory focuses on the important information. Selective attention
6- Selective Attention passes the important information onto the Long-Term memory for future use.
7- Through practice, the skill continually improves by receiving feedback and using pieces of information from our Long-Term memory.
8- Skill is permanently transferred to Long-Term memory and can be used autonomously.

28
Q

what is a goal

A

a desired aim or outcome

29
Q

SMARTER

A

specific
measurable
agreed
realistic
timed
exciting
recorded

30
Q

importance of goal setting

A

increased motivation
reduces anxiety

31
Q

how does goal setting increase your motivation

A

having a specific and realistic goal can excite and encourage an individual to work harder, be more focused during training and overcome setbacks

32
Q

how does goal setting help reduce anxiety

A

setting an agreed and measurable goal reduces anxiety as a person can regularly record the progress being made over time

33
Q

2 types of motivation

A

intrinsic
extrinsic

34
Q

what is motivation

A

Motivation is a combination of a performer’s determination, drive and enthusiasm to achieve their goals and be successful.

35
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

Intrinsic Motivation can be defined as an ‘inner drive’ or a motivation that comes from within.

36
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

Extrinsic motivation comes from a source outside of the performer. The source sometimes involves rewards or incentives which can encourage an individual to perform at a higher level.

37
Q

what is arousal

A

The intensity or level of our motivation, alertness and excitement at any given moment

38
Q

why do we need an optimum level of arousal

A

if we are under aroused we will not preform at our best but if we are over aroused it can have a negative impact of being too proud

39
Q

draw an inverted U

A
40
Q

what is anxiety

A

an emotional state accompanied by feelings of worry, nervousness and apprehension

41
Q

what are the 2 types of anxiety and their relation

A

cognitive = mental
somatic = physical

42
Q

cognitive anxiety and examples

A

Cognitive anxiety involves the mental symptoms of anxiety that take place in our own head.
overthinking, pressure, frustration

43
Q

somatic anxiety and examples

A

Somatic Anxiety involves the physical symptoms of anxiety that we can physically feel or see. These symptoms may be due to a release of adrenaline.
increased heart + breathing rate, tensed muscles

44
Q

what are the 2 personality types

A

introverts and extroverts

45
Q

describe an introvert

A

Usually quiet, shy and prefer calm and relaxed environments.
They enjoy spending time alone and perform better at lower arousal levels.

46
Q

describe an extrovert

A

Very socially outgoing.
They are very friendly, easy to talk to and love to engage and socialise with other people.
They perform better at higher arousal levels.

47
Q

introvert in sports

A

Coaches and teammates must allow them to stay calm and focused.
Too much stimulation will cause them to be over-aroused and they will not perform well.
They prefer sports with fine movements, closed skills and regular routines where they are in control of their environment.

48
Q

extroverts in sport

A

They need high arousal levels to perform.
Coaches and teammates need to keep them ‘excited’ about performing.
They prefer team games with open skills and lots of unpredictability, such as football or basketball.
They prefer open skills occur in sports where you cannot predict what will happen next.

49
Q

sports for introverts and extroverts

A

introverts = gold, swimming, track
extroverts = basketball, football, volleyball

50
Q

phsyiological sympotoms of over arousal

A

Dry mouth
Increased breathing rate + heart rate
Nausea
Sweaty palms
Tremors

51
Q

psychological

A

Angry and aggressive
Feeling anxious
Poor technique
Out of control

52
Q

methods of calming anxiety and arousal

A

visualisation
mental rehersal
deep breathing

53
Q

what is guidance

A

Help & instruction given to guide learners through movement patterns, skills and techniques, helping them to acquire and improve skills.

54
Q

what is feedback

A

In sport, feedback is information a performer receives about a skill or performance.

55
Q

types of guidance

A

mechanical
manual
visual
verbal

56
Q

what is manual guidance

A

Manual guidance is when a performer is physically guided, moved or supported by the teacher or coach

57
Q

what is mechanical guidance

A

Mechanical guidance is when the performer is guided by equipment to support them whilst practicing the skill.

58
Q

what is visual guidance

A

Visual guidance is when a performer is shown or can see the skill being performed or practiced. This is most commonly provided through a demonstration, video or an image / photo.

59
Q

what is verbal guidance

A

Verbal Guidance is given by a teacher, coach or person observing your performance. It can be given before, during or after an athlete’s performance.

60
Q

benefits of manual guidance

A

all stages of learning
used in practice
reduce risk of injury
you can feel the movement
safeguarding issues

61
Q

benefits of mechanical guidence

A

for cognitive nad autonomous
offers safety
allows for building of confidence
can be expensive
you can feel complex movements

62
Q

benefits of visual guidance

A

you can physically see the skills
quick and easy to use
can be rewatched
requires demenstrations

63
Q

benefits of verbal guidance

A

all stages of learning
reuqires instructions to be detailed and consise
can be provded immediately

64
Q

4 types of feedback

A

intrinsic
extrinsic
knowledge of results
knowledge of preformance

PE GCSE (3 decks)

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