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PE GCSE > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

name 6 functions of the skeleton and discribe

A

support - keeps the body upright
muscle attachment - via tendons
movement - movement occurs at a joint
shape - the shape of a bone dertermine movements
protection - protect organs
blood cell production - long bones produce red and white blood cells

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2
Q

how many bones are there (to know)

A

20

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3
Q

what is a long bone

A

due to shape not size - enable movement to occur

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4
Q

what is a flat bone

A

offers protection to vital organs - protects vital organs from impact

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5
Q

what is a short bone

A

minimal movement - shock absorber for weight bearing activites

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6
Q

what is a fixed joint

A

no movement to be found such as the cramium

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7
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint

A

some movement can occur - shock absorber such as the veterbrae

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8
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

wide range of movement where 2 or more bones meet

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9
Q

what is cartilage

A

a tough connective tissue

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10
Q

what is a ligament

A

connects bone to bone

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11
Q

what is a tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

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12
Q

name the synovial joints

A

hinge
ball and socket

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13
Q

what movement can happen at hinge joints (& examples)

A

moves in one plane
flexion & extension
plantar & dorsi-flexion

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14
Q

what movement can happen at ball and socket joints (& examples)

A

moves in 3 planes
rotation
adduction & abduction

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15
Q

name and explain movements at joints

A

abduction
adduction
rotation
plantar flexion
dorsi flexion
flexion
extension

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16
Q

what are antagonistic pairs

A

2 muscles working together to create movement
one muscle contracts while the other relaxes

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17
Q

what is isometric contraction

A

the muscle is contracting but still (eg. handstand)

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18
Q

what is isotonic contraction

A

the muscle moves under pressure

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19
Q

what is isotonic concentric

A

contracts and lengthens

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20
Q

what is eccentric contractions

A

the muscle contracts and shortens

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21
Q

joint and muscle movement at bicep and tricep

A

hinge - movement occurs at the elbow - flexion and extension

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22
Q

movement at the quadriceps and hanstrings

A

hinge - movement occurs at the knee - flexion and extension

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23
Q

movement at the gastrocnemious & tibialis anterior

A

hinge - movement occurs at the ankle - plantar flexion and dorsi flexion

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24
Q

movement at the hip flexors and gluteals

A

ball and socket - movement occurs at the hip - felxion and extension

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25
Q

movement at the deltoids and latissimus dorsi

A

movement occurs at the shoulder - flexsion and extension/adduction&abduction

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26
Q

what is the agonist and what is the anatagonisrt

A

agonist - contracts and shortens
anatagonist - contracts and lengthens

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27
Q

explain slow twitch muscle fibers

A

type 1
for long distance and endurence
contract slowly
red in color
high level of 02
aerobic

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28
Q

explain fast twitch muscle fibers

A

type 2a & 2b
for power and strength
contract quickly
pink or white in color
low level of O2
anaerobic

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29
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

Takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide
Allows gases exchange
Mechanics of breathing

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30
Q

flow of air

A

nose
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
aveloi

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31
Q

what do aveoli do

A

allow for gaseous exchange

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32
Q

structure of alveoli

A

surrounded by capillaries for blood supply
huge surface area
one cell thick for diffusion

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33
Q

what is gaseous exchange

A

oxygen moves from the aveoli to the blood (high to low concentration)

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34
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the amount of air that is inspired and expired normally

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35
Q

what is vital capacity

A

the greatest amout of air that can be forcefully expired after maximal inhilation

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36
Q

what is residual volume

A

the volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

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37
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

the volume of air that can be insipred in 1 minute

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38
Q

what is breathing rate

A

the number of breaths taken in one minute normally

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39
Q

how do you find minute ventilation

A

tidal volume x breathing rate

l/min

40
Q

what happens to breathing rates during exercise and why

A

the rate of breathing is faster and the depth of breathing is heavier. this allows more air in so it can go to working muscles

41
Q

what happens during sport to
tidal volume
vital capacity
residual volume

A

tidal volume - increases
vital capacity - decreases slightly
residual volume - stays the same

42
Q

what are the components of blood

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
plasma
platelets

43
Q

what do red blood cells do

A

carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

44
Q

why are red blood cells important in sport

A

high aerobic capactiy
very good for endurence activity

45
Q

what do white blood cells do

A

fight infections and kill germs (pathogens)

46
Q

what do white blood cells do in sport

A

in an athelete is ill (unable to train) it will fight infections

47
Q

what does plasma do

A

transports everything around thr body (rbc’s, wbc’s, nutrients and hormones)

48
Q

what does plasma do in sport

A

vital to move rbc’s around so more oxygen can be provided to working muscles

49
Q

what do platelets do

A

enables blood to clot
vital for blood loss
will form a scab (protective layer)

50
Q

what do platelets do in sport

A

vital if cut during a sport such as boxing for rugby

51
Q

what are the 3 blood vessels

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

52
Q

explain arteries and details

A

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart from the heart under high pressure
thick muscular wall
small lumen

53
Q

explain arteries in sport

A

heart rate increases
muscles need more oxygen for energy
blood flow has to increase

54
Q

explain veins and details

A

carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart under low pressure
valves stop back flow
thin wall
large lumen

55
Q

explain veins in sport

A

re-cycle blood bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart then lungs

56
Q

explain capillaries and details

A

they are the link between arteries & veins (move the blood between the 2)
very small

57
Q

explain capillaries in sport

A

very important to allow gaseous exchange to occur

58
Q

what does the heart do

A

pumps blood to the working muscles (oxygenated)
and to the lungs (deoxygenated)

59
Q

what happens to blood during exercise

A

increase of blood flow to the working muscles becuase of demand for oxygen which provides energy which means the heart rate increases

60
Q

what is heart rate

A

the number of times you heart beats in a minute

61
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood that leaves the heart via the left ventricle

62
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in ONE minute

63
Q

word equation for cardiac output

A

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

64
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

exercise in the absense of oxygen

65
Q

equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose –> energy + lactic acid

66
Q

what happens during anaerobic respiration

A

doesnt use oxygen meaning it can only be maintained for short periods of time. lactic acid is a by product of carbohydrates being used without oxygen

67
Q

example of anaerobic respiration

A

sprinting

68
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

exercise in the presence of oxygen

69
Q

equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen –> water + carbon dioxide + energy released

70
Q

what happens during aerobic respiration

A

most efficient because with enough oxygen you can work for extended times

71
Q

example of aerobic respiration

A

long distance (running, swimming…)

72
Q

what is the process of exercise and energy (list, what needs what)

A

-exercise reuqires energy
-muscles need energy
-comes from food we eat
-glucose is stored as glycogen
-back to glucose to be used during exercise

73
Q

what does EPOC stand for

A

excess post exercise oxygen consumption

74
Q

what is EPOC

A

it occurs after high intensity periods of work and is the extra oxygen intake after high intensity exercise

75
Q

when does EPOC take place and why

A

after high intensity exercise is produced lactic acid is produces
after recovery extra oxygen is needed to remove the lactic acid so EPOC is used

76
Q

what is oxygen debt (when and what)

A

A temporary oxygen shortage in the bodies cells and muscles arising from intense exercise

77
Q

factors that affect recovery

A

age
nutrition
fitness
intensity
temperature
duration

78
Q

short term effects of exercsie

A

heart rate increases
breathing rate incrases
skin turns red
body temperature increases
sweating
fatigue
nausea
light headed

79
Q

long term effects of exercise

A

heart size increases (hypertrophy)
restin pulse rate decreases (bradycardia)
stroke volume increases
ability to tolerate lactic acid increases

80
Q

explain a force

A

a push or pulling action applied upon an object

81
Q

explain large forces

A

produced when preforming powerful or explosive movements

82
Q

explain small forces

A

produced when preforming skills that require control and persicion

83
Q

explain push forces

A

forces that are directed away from a body or object

84
Q

explain pull forces

A

forces that are directed towards a body or objects

85
Q

explain newtons 1st law

A

law of intertia
an object in motion (same speed and same direction) and an object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an external force

forces can cause change in direction, accelerate or decelerate

86
Q

what is newtons 2nd law

A

law of acceleration
an object will accelerate when acted upon by an external force and the acceleration is proportional to the froce and the direction which the force acts

force = mass x acceleration

87
Q

what is newtons 3rd law

A

law of action and reaction
for every action there exists an equal and opposite reaction

88
Q

what types of force are there

A

gravity
muscular
air resistance
ground reaction

89
Q

what is gravity

A

the force that attracts a body towards the centre of the earth

90
Q

what is muscular force

A

a push or pull applied to an object provided by muscualr contractions

91
Q

what is air resistance

A

the frictional force that air applies against a moving object

92
Q

ground reaction force

A

the reaction to the force that the body exerts on the ground

93
Q

what is a lever

A

a solid bar/bone that turns around the axis to create movement & contains 3 main components

94
Q

what is a fulcrum/pivot

A

a foxed point about which the lever can turn

95
Q

what is the resistance

A

the load/weight that the lever must move

96
Q

what is the effort

A

the amount of force which is required to move the resistance

97
Q

what is the way to remeber what is in the middle for levers

A

123
FRE

PE GCSE (3 decks)

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