Anatomy Flashcards
name 6 functions of the skeleton and discribe
support - keeps the body upright
muscle attachment - via tendons
movement - movement occurs at a joint
shape - the shape of a bone dertermine movements
protection - protect organs
blood cell production - long bones produce red and white blood cells
how many bones are there (to know)
20
what is a long bone
due to shape not size - enable movement to occur
what is a flat bone
offers protection to vital organs - protects vital organs from impact
what is a short bone
minimal movement - shock absorber for weight bearing activites
what is a fixed joint
no movement to be found such as the cramium
what is a cartilaginous joint
some movement can occur - shock absorber such as the veterbrae
what is a synovial joint
wide range of movement where 2 or more bones meet
what is cartilage
a tough connective tissue
what is a ligament
connects bone to bone
what is a tendon
connects muscle to bone
name the synovial joints
hinge
ball and socket
what movement can happen at hinge joints (& examples)
moves in one plane
flexion & extension
plantar & dorsi-flexion
what movement can happen at ball and socket joints (& examples)
moves in 3 planes
rotation
adduction & abduction
name and explain movements at joints
abduction
adduction
rotation
plantar flexion
dorsi flexion
flexion
extension
what are antagonistic pairs
2 muscles working together to create movement
one muscle contracts while the other relaxes
what is isometric contraction
the muscle is contracting but still (eg. handstand)
what is isotonic contraction
the muscle moves under pressure
what is isotonic concentric
contracts and lengthens
what is eccentric contractions
the muscle contracts and shortens
joint and muscle movement at bicep and tricep
hinge - movement occurs at the elbow - flexion and extension
movement at the quadriceps and hanstrings
hinge - movement occurs at the knee - flexion and extension
movement at the gastrocnemious & tibialis anterior
hinge - movement occurs at the ankle - plantar flexion and dorsi flexion
movement at the hip flexors and gluteals
ball and socket - movement occurs at the hip - felxion and extension
movement at the deltoids and latissimus dorsi
movement occurs at the shoulder - flexsion and extension/adduction&abduction
what is the agonist and what is the anatagonisrt
agonist - contracts and shortens
anatagonist - contracts and lengthens
explain slow twitch muscle fibers
type 1
for long distance and endurence
contract slowly
red in color
high level of 02
aerobic
explain fast twitch muscle fibers
type 2a & 2b
for power and strength
contract quickly
pink or white in color
low level of O2
anaerobic
functions of the respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide
Allows gases exchange
Mechanics of breathing
flow of air
nose
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
aveloi
what do aveoli do
allow for gaseous exchange
structure of alveoli
surrounded by capillaries for blood supply
huge surface area
one cell thick for diffusion
what is gaseous exchange
oxygen moves from the aveoli to the blood (high to low concentration)
what is tidal volume
the amount of air that is inspired and expired normally
what is vital capacity
the greatest amout of air that can be forcefully expired after maximal inhilation
what is residual volume
the volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration
what is minute ventilation
the volume of air that can be insipred in 1 minute
what is breathing rate
the number of breaths taken in one minute normally
how do you find minute ventilation
tidal volume x breathing rate
l/min
what happens to breathing rates during exercise and why
the rate of breathing is faster and the depth of breathing is heavier. this allows more air in so it can go to working muscles
what happens during sport to
tidal volume
vital capacity
residual volume
tidal volume - increases
vital capacity - decreases slightly
residual volume - stays the same
what are the components of blood
red blood cells
white blood cells
plasma
platelets
what do red blood cells do
carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
why are red blood cells important in sport
high aerobic capactiy
very good for endurence activity
what do white blood cells do
fight infections and kill germs (pathogens)
what do white blood cells do in sport
in an athelete is ill (unable to train) it will fight infections
what does plasma do
transports everything around thr body (rbc’s, wbc’s, nutrients and hormones)
what does plasma do in sport
vital to move rbc’s around so more oxygen can be provided to working muscles
what do platelets do
enables blood to clot
vital for blood loss
will form a scab (protective layer)
what do platelets do in sport
vital if cut during a sport such as boxing for rugby
what are the 3 blood vessels
arteries
veins
capillaries
explain arteries and details
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart from the heart under high pressure
thick muscular wall
small lumen
explain arteries in sport
heart rate increases
muscles need more oxygen for energy
blood flow has to increase
explain veins and details
carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart under low pressure
valves stop back flow
thin wall
large lumen
explain veins in sport
re-cycle blood bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart then lungs
explain capillaries and details
they are the link between arteries & veins (move the blood between the 2)
very small
explain capillaries in sport
very important to allow gaseous exchange to occur
what does the heart do
pumps blood to the working muscles (oxygenated)
and to the lungs (deoxygenated)
what happens to blood during exercise
increase of blood flow to the working muscles becuase of demand for oxygen which provides energy which means the heart rate increases
what is heart rate
the number of times you heart beats in a minute
what is stroke volume
the amount of blood that leaves the heart via the left ventricle
what is cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in ONE minute
word equation for cardiac output
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
what is anaerobic respiration
exercise in the absense of oxygen
equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose –> energy + lactic acid
what happens during anaerobic respiration
doesnt use oxygen meaning it can only be maintained for short periods of time. lactic acid is a by product of carbohydrates being used without oxygen
example of anaerobic respiration
sprinting
what is aerobic respiration
exercise in the presence of oxygen
equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen –> water + carbon dioxide + energy released
what happens during aerobic respiration
most efficient because with enough oxygen you can work for extended times
example of aerobic respiration
long distance (running, swimming…)
what is the process of exercise and energy (list, what needs what)
-exercise reuqires energy
-muscles need energy
-comes from food we eat
-glucose is stored as glycogen
-back to glucose to be used during exercise
what does EPOC stand for
excess post exercise oxygen consumption
what is EPOC
it occurs after high intensity periods of work and is the extra oxygen intake after high intensity exercise
when does EPOC take place and why
after high intensity exercise is produced lactic acid is produces
after recovery extra oxygen is needed to remove the lactic acid so EPOC is used
what is oxygen debt (when and what)
A temporary oxygen shortage in the bodies cells and muscles arising from intense exercise
factors that affect recovery
age
nutrition
fitness
intensity
temperature
duration
short term effects of exercsie
heart rate increases
breathing rate incrases
skin turns red
body temperature increases
sweating
fatigue
nausea
light headed
long term effects of exercise
heart size increases (hypertrophy)
restin pulse rate decreases (bradycardia)
stroke volume increases
ability to tolerate lactic acid increases
explain a force
a push or pulling action applied upon an object
explain large forces
produced when preforming powerful or explosive movements
explain small forces
produced when preforming skills that require control and persicion
explain push forces
forces that are directed away from a body or object
explain pull forces
forces that are directed towards a body or objects
explain newtons 1st law
law of intertia
an object in motion (same speed and same direction) and an object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an external force
forces can cause change in direction, accelerate or decelerate
what is newtons 2nd law
law of acceleration
an object will accelerate when acted upon by an external force and the acceleration is proportional to the froce and the direction which the force acts
force = mass x acceleration
what is newtons 3rd law
law of action and reaction
for every action there exists an equal and opposite reaction
what types of force are there
gravity
muscular
air resistance
ground reaction
what is gravity
the force that attracts a body towards the centre of the earth
what is muscular force
a push or pull applied to an object provided by muscualr contractions
what is air resistance
the frictional force that air applies against a moving object
ground reaction force
the reaction to the force that the body exerts on the ground
what is a lever
a solid bar/bone that turns around the axis to create movement & contains 3 main components
what is a fulcrum/pivot
a foxed point about which the lever can turn
what is the resistance
the load/weight that the lever must move
what is the effort
the amount of force which is required to move the resistance
what is the way to remeber what is in the middle for levers
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