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Sociology: New Media > Social Construction of the News > Flashcards

Social Construction of the News Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the four main areas of social construction of the news

A

News Values
Practical Issues
Regulation
Ownership and Control

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2
Q

who studied news values

A

Galtung and Ruge

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3
Q

give all 10 news values Galtung and Ruge found and give an example fkr each

A

unexpected eg natural disasters or Princess Diana’s death
big eg war or terrorism
unambiguous eg easy to grasp Matt Hancock in jungle
reference to elite persons/ nations eg celebrities or world powers
familiar eg national rather than international
frequency eg short stories over build up of inflation
continuity eg elections and covid
negativity eg Manchester bombings not humanitarian stories
brief eg balance between negative and positive

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4
Q

who criticises Galtung and Ruge’s news values and why

A

-Brighton and Roy argue it is limited to Norway and it was studied pre internet so it’s no longer relevant

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5
Q

who supports Galtung and Ruge’s news values and why

A

-Harcup and O’Neill updated study in 2001 with British values that were basically the same
-supported by ideas of churnalism and spin doctors where news prioritises profit and quantity over quality

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6
Q

what limits news values and why

A

-citizen journalism as individuals can present more perspectives with no political or government influence eg activism and exposés

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7
Q

give 3 criticisms of citizen journalism

A

-still has personal bias
- too much quantity and contributes to fake news
-not checked filtered or confirmed

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8
Q

what are the three main practical issues of news

A

-money
-time
-space

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9
Q

explain why money is a practical issue

A

-news gathering is expensive especially overseas however foreign correspondents still utilised when possible
-budget cuts and falling readership has created a shift to infotainment

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10
Q

explain why time is a practical issue

A

-print newspapers have strict deadlines unlike online news, although they still have editing and checking deadlines
-editing and printing time frames are quick to maintain relevance in news cycle which controls content of the news

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11
Q

explain why space is a practical issue

A

-in print media long stories are briefed or excluded because they are too complex
-availability of live streaming

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12
Q

who came up with the term churnalists

A

Davies

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13
Q

give three studies on citizen journalism and how the critique it

A

-Keen —> CJ offers opinion as fact
-Couldry —> CJ in USA has minimal effect on news gathering and democratic process
-Gilmar —> CJ product of privileged part of society as it requires skill/time/money

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14
Q

give 4 ways the news is regulated

A

-OFCOM regulates communication services
-IPSO independent org after Leveson inquiry
-Charters eg BBC made unbiased
-Laws eg laws of libel, the Equality Act and Official Secrets Act

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15
Q

what was the Leveson inquiry

A

-inquiry carried out after News of the World phone hacking scandal since self regulation was flawed
-recommended changes but controversial due to journalists wanting freedom of speech/ the press
-IPSO became of it

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16
Q

give three examples of left wing news

A

Daily Mirror, Morning Star, the Guardian

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17
Q

give three examples of right wing news

A

Daily Mail, Daily Express, the Sun

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18
Q

what did the 2021 study find about right wing tabloids

A

right wing tabloids contributed to brexit as after the Liverpool boycott of the Sun due to their coverage of Hillsborough Disaster, there were more positive attitudes to the EU

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19
Q

give four differences between tabloids and broadsheets

A

-tabloids are smaller and have lower news content eg celeb gossip vs business
-tabloids cost less and are printed more frequently
-tabloids are short, informal reads with pictures but broadsheets are more text heavy
-tabloids audience is younger and less educated

20
Q

give 3 examples of tabloids

A

the Sun, the Daily Mail, the Daily Express

21
Q

give 3 examples of broadsheets

A

the Times, the Telegraph and the Guardian

22
Q

what are the top 3 media companies that own newspapers

A

-DMG Media
-News Uk
- Reach

23
Q

what newspapers do DMG media own and what percentage of weekly newspaper circulation do they account for

A

-Daily Mail, Metro, the Mail on Sunday and iNews
-account for approx 38%

24
Q

what newspapers do News Uk (owned by News Corp) own and what percentage of weekly circulation dk they account for

A

-The Sun, The Times and the Sunday Times
-account for 37%

25
Q

what percentage of weekly circulation do the top 3 media owners account for altogether

A

approx 94%
(DMG Media, News Uk/News Corp and Reach)

26
Q

what are the top 3 owners of local newspapers and what percentage/ fraction of local newspapers do they own

A

Newsquest approx 23% almost 1/4
Reach approx 20% or 1/5
JPI media approx 18% almost 1/5

27
Q

how much of the market do the top three owners of local newspapers account for

A

approx 60%
Newsquest, Reach, JPI Media

28
Q

give two examples of local newspapers

A

Sunderland Echo and the Chronicle

29
Q

give two famous politicians Rupert Murdoch dined with

A

David Cameron, Theresa May

30
Q

what percentage of british media did Rupert Murdoch own at one point

A

40%

31
Q

give 3 ways Rupert Murdoch maintained control and managed to hack phones

A

-would switch political allegiance if policies did not please him
-bribed police officers, they began to step down close to the time of the scandal
-used rogue reporters as scapegoats

32
Q

what is the traditional marxist argument about ownership and control of the media using Curran

A

-news benefits owners/ruling class by being an ISA spreading dominant ideology to create FCC
-eg Rupert Murdoch
-Curran argues owners manipulate media content to support their interests and politicians to maintain control

33
Q

how do Neo Marxists criticise traditional marxists

A

-owners don’t have time to micromanage content they deal with global business matters
-editors have more control but cannot control everything so journalists still have autonomy

34
Q

how do pluralists criticise marxists

A

-media moguls more concerned about sales/profit than spreading politics and ideology
-they reflect reality and meet public demand to stay in business

35
Q

give a general criticism of marxists

A

they assume audiences are passive consumers

36
Q

what is the GUMG neo marxist argument about ownership and control of the media

A

-Glasgow University Media Group argues news is used for hegemony
-owners employ editors and journalists with similar privileged backgrounds and similar ideologies
-presents ruling class ideology as common sense

37
Q

what did neo marxist Jones find but those employed in media

A

-51% of journalists were privately educated when only 7% of the population are
-94% were white and 55% men
-not representative of country which is worsened by less local newspapers

38
Q

what are 3 concepts neo marxists argue about ownership and control of the news using McCombs, Gans, Philo and Stuart Hall

A

Agenda Setting McCombs
Gatekeeping Gans and Philo
Hierarchy of Credibility Stuart Hall

39
Q

what is agenda setting using McCombs

A

-significance of news decided based on audience, diff corps have diff agendas
-McCombs argues media tells audience how to think about certain topics eg politicians

40
Q

what is gatekeeping using Gans and Philo

A

-Gans argues editors are gatekeepers and use filtering process for what is and isn’t news
-Philo studied how London Underground strikes negatively reported but industrial injuries were rarely reported

41
Q

what is the hierarchy of credibility using Stuart Hall

A

-primary definers are more important than any other groups
-journalists report what prominent people have to say so they make the news and ignore minorities

42
Q

how do traditional marxists criticise neo marxists with an example

A

-journalists do not share same values as owners eg Dennis Skinner recounts Daily Express journalists cheering on striking minors in London despite printing negative articles about them

43
Q

how do pluralists criticise neo marxists

A

-media reflects reality and meets market demand to satisfy audience and make profit

44
Q

give a general criticism about neo marxism

A

hegemony is hard to establish how do you tell someone is indoctrinated

45
Q

what is the pluralist argument about ownership and control of the media

A

-news reflects reality so it is biased; it prioritises profit and audience demand
-news is diverse and audience have power and freedom of choice
-investigative journalism exposes powerful groups eg News of the World and MPs breaking covid rules

46
Q

give 4 criticisms of the pluralist perspective

A

-dominant ideology spread as those with similar views are hired and promoted and those who don’t are fired
-all journalists work within constraints of owners, spin doctors and hierarchy of credibility
-people are socialised by media so they believe they are provided with what they want but it’s a created taste
-pressure to attract audiences results in churnalism and infotainment

Sociology: New Media (10 decks)

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