Ethnicity Representations in Media Flashcards
what did the OFCOM survey in 2013 find about ethnic minority groups and media usage
under 45 yo ethic minority groups were more likely to own a mobile phone and access TV and the internet than the avg person under 45
who is the main theorist for ethnic minorities representation in media
Van Dijk
what did Van Dijk find
news representation of black people were three categories: criminals, threats and unimportant
what did Van Dijk and Davies et al argue about minority ethnic groups as criminals
journalists have demonised black young people as a threat to law abiding white society for decades
which studies support Van Dijks argument of EM as Criminals
Law, Sveinsson and Wayne, Cushion et al
what did Wayne find about EM as criminals
found 50% of news stories about young black people involved them committing crime
what did Cushion et al find about EM as criminals
content analysis of newspapers and programmes found 7/10 stories of young black men were related to crime specifically gangs and knife crime and did little to discuss the factors that may have motivated the crime
who first studied moral panics in regards to black ppl and how
Hall et al ; folk devils and black muggers
what does Back argue about EM as criminals
reporting of protests or disturbances described as riots rather than uprising as it suggests EM don’t have genuine grievances about discrimination
what did Van Dijk find about EM as threats
-EM represented as threat to white majority culture
-moral panics constructed around 3 groups: immigrants, refugees/asylum seekers and muslims
how are moral panics constructed around immigrants
immigrants are threats due to numbers affecting job/housing supply
how are moral panics constructed around asylum seekers and refugees using ICAR
-seen as abusing welfare state
-Info Centre about Asylums and Refugees(ICAR) found media constructs images of threat to british identity and negative language used
-there is a link between negative media coverage and harassment of refugees
how are moral panics created around muslims using Whitaker
-Whitaker —> muslims stereotypically portrayed as intolerant,violent, misogynistic and strange
how are moral panics created around muslims using Moore et al
-content analysis 2000-08 found 1/3 stories focused on terrorism, 1/3 on differences between muslims and British society and rarely stories about islamophobia
-4 negative messages in media :
islam is backwards/dangerous
multiculturalism encourages muslim extremists
clash of civilisation between west and islam
islam is a threat to british way of life
how are muslim women portrayed in media
-as victims to oppressive patriarchy forced to wear hijabs
-despite this Mirza found women found identity in hijabs
what does Van Dijk find about EM as unimportant using Ligali
-media implies white lives are more important than EM lives
-Ligali argued black victims are not respected or given as much attention as white victims
give two main problems with institutional bias in media rep of EM
-often portrayed in stereotypical roles rather than citizens who happen to be EM since media is dominated by white m/c
-may appear because of tokenism as merely props
give an example of moral panic about music
gangsta rap blamed for misogyny and gun/gang crime despite it being a diverse music genre
what is the pluralist perspective on media representations of ethnicity
-media reflects reality and meets audience demand so they reflect real fears of EM
-people can choose not to read stories due to diversity of media
critique the pluralist view
-if some white ppl have not loved in a diverse area their only source of opinion will come from the media therefore journalists construct racist ideologies for their readers
what is the marxist perspective on EM rep
-media is ISA to distract and divide w/c and blaming social issues on folk devils rather than the ruling class
critique the marxist view
evidence for racist journalists limited, especially since the extensive cover of the Stephen Lawrence case eg Guardian
what is the Neo Marxist perspective on EM rep
-most journalists/editors are hired for sharing similar views as employers and majority are white m/c therefore their opinion is projected more
-media professionals do not want to alienate white audiences by focusing on EM cultures /interests
-white ppl on top of hierarchy of credibility
- tabloids dumb down news to be clash of personalities rather than complexities of multiculturalism
