Social Cognitive Approaches to learning

Question 1

who and when was this proposed to?

Answer 1

proposed by Canadian born psychologist Albert Nadura in the 1980’s

Question 2

what did bundura highlighted

Answer 2

highlighted that learning by observing others involves thinking. People don’t just copy behaviors automatically; they process what they see.

Question 3

Observational Leaning

Answer 3

acquisition of info, skills or behaviour through watching the performance of others, either by directly or indirectly, involves a sequence of process called ATTENTION, RETENTION, REPRODUCTION, MOTIVATION AND REINFORCEMENT.

Question 4

Model of Observational Learning: LIVE MODEL

Answer 4

is a real life person who may be demonstrating, acting out/ or describing or explaining a behaviour,

Question 5

Model of Observational Learning: Symbolic model

Answer 5

is a real or fictional displaying behviour in books, movies, Tc programs, online and other media.

Question 6

1 step of observational learning: Attention

Answer 6

-we MUST PAY ATTENTION or closley watch a model perform the behaviour and the consequences in order to learn through observation

• if we DO NO PLAY ATTENTION TO THE MODEL then we will not recognise the distinctive features of the observed behaviour, as we will FAIL TO NOTICE THE CONSEQUENCES

Question 7

Factors of attention

Answer 7

-The more attractive/ successful the model, the more likely we are to follow.

-The higher status the model the more observer will initiate the bahviour-which is why many ads features celebrities.

Question 8

factors that influence attention

Answer 8

-the importance of behaviour e.e (whether or not we consider it to be necessary behaviour) e.g keyboard skills required for a job

-It’s distinctive and the effect it has on us e.g satisfaction, convenience, security

Question 9

Step 2 of observational learning: Retention

Answer 9

-Having observed the model, we must consider the model behaviour

-Need to store it in mental representation, the more accurately we will be able to replicate the behaviour if needed.

Question 10

Step 3 of observational learning: Reproduction

Answer 10

When the behaviour has been closely attented to and reatin in memory, we can attempt to immieate what was observed–> HOWEVER, we must consider whether or not we have the physical and mental ability to replicate it or not.

Question 11

Step 4 of observational learning: Motivation

Answer 11

The observer must be motivated to perform the behaviour, that is they must have the DESIRE AND WANT TO REPRODUCE WHAT WAS OBSERVED

Unless the behaviour is USEFUL or PROVIDES AN INCENTIVE/AWARD FOR THE OBSERVER, it’s unlikely that we will want to learn it in the first place, let alone perform it or continue to perform it.

Question 12

Step 5 of observational learning: Reinforcment

Answer 12

Influences the motivation to reproduce the observed bahviour+ increase the likelihood of reproduction.

Question 13

Types of reinforcement for motivation: Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 13

occurs INDIRECTLY by observing the modelled behaviour being reinforced without personally experiencing the reinforcement.

E.G a young child observing the positive reinforcement reviewed by older sibling who works hard at school to get into uni- their model may be the studios behaviour.

Question 14

External Reinforcement

Answer 14

Comparable to learning by consequences
e.g if a girl receives a reinforcers such as a praise for her hard work then she will continue to work hard.

Question 15

Self-reinforcement

Answer 15

occurs when we are reinforced by meeting a certain standard or performance we set for ourselves.
e,f sense of pride/achievement u may experience.