Approaches to learning: Operant Conditioing

Question 1

Operant Conditioning

Answer 1

a learning process whereby the consequences of a behaviour (rewards and punishments) determines the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future. There are three phases.

Question 1

Operant

Answer 1

any response (or set response) that acts on the environment to produce some kind of respsosne.

Question 2

Positive and negative consequences

Answer 2

strengthen behaviour and kake it more likey to reoccur and adverse consequences weaken the behaviour and make it less likely to occur

Question 3

The three phase model of operant condoitioning

Answer 3

1. Antecdent (a): what happens before–> stimulus that occurs before the behaviour

2.Behaviour B: what happens–> occurs due to antecedent

3. Consequences C: what happens after–> the consequences

Question 4

definition of antecdent:

Answer 4

the environmental stimulus that precedes relevant behaviour and identifies consequences

Question 5

definition of behaviour

Answer 5

voluntary activity that affects the environment

Question 6

definition of consequence

Answer 6

the environmental event that follows the behaviour
–> occurs immediately after the relevant behaviour and has an effect on the occurrence if the behaviour.

Question 7

Reinforcement/ reinforcers

Answer 7

process when a stimulus strengthens/ increases the frequency/likelihood of a response to that it follows.

Question 8

reinforce

Answer 8

to strengthen/support an existing feeling, idea or habit

Question 9

Positive reinforcement

Answer 9

presentation of positive reinforcers following a desired response

Question 10

positive reinforcers and highschool grade example

Answer 10

stimulus that strengthens/ increases the likelihood/frequency of a desired response.

e.g a high score for an SAC is a positive reinforcer for a student who works hard, as is the thanking of a friend for doing you a favour.

Question 11

Negative reinforcer

Answer 11

any unpleasant/averse stimulus that when removed/avoided strengthens the frequency/likelihood of a desired response.

Question 12

Negative reinforcement

Answer 12

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby strengthening or making the desired response more likely to occur.

Question 13

distinctions between negative and positive rienforcer

Answer 13

Negative reinforcer= are removed/avoided–> subtracting something pleasant

Positive Reinforcer= are given–> subtracting something unpleasant

Question 14

Intent of both positive and negative Punishment

Answer 14

the intended effect on the punished behaviour is to weaken and prevent it from recurring

Question 15

Punishment

Answer 15

delivery of an unpleasant consequence following a response/ the removal of a pleasant consequence following a response, to weaken a response or decrease the likelihood of it occurring again.

Question 16

Positive punishment

Answer 16

presentation of an unpleasant stimulus that weakens/ decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again.

e.g having to run extra laps around the basketball court for being late to training

Question 17

Negative punishment

Answer 17

removal/loss of a desirable stimulus thereby weakening/decreasing the likelihood of a person forming again.

e.gyour parents taking away your internet access for doing something wrong or a speeding receiving a speeding fine

Question 18

Factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment: Order of presentation

Answer 18

to use the reinforcer and punisher effectively, its essential that it be PRESENTED AFTER A DESIRED RESPONSE, NEVER BEFORE.

Question 19

Factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment: TIMING

Answer 19

more effective when given IMMEDIATELY after the response has occurred. This timing helps to ensure that the organism associates the response with the reinforcer or punisher., without interference from other factors during the time delay.

Question 20

Factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment: APPROPRIATENESS

Answer 20

Inappropriate punishment can result in the reinforcement of behaviour.