Social Cognitive Approaches and neo-behaviouralism Flashcards
What is the differences between traditional behaviourism and neo-behaviourism?
traditional - direct observations only
Neo - Direct observation though to internal subjective states
What was George Kellys contributions and ideas in social cognitive theory?
we are scientists with the power to rethink events and test hypothesis
Agentic - people can influence and change their lives
Social constructivist
how you contrue determines how you respond
What were Albert banduras contributions to social cognitive theory?
Expectancies and self-efficacy shape our choices and our expectancies shape self-efficacy
Recognised reinforcement from parents usually - vicarious learning, we develop important learnings that drive the future
What was Albert Ellis’ rational emotive therapy?
A focused form of social cognitive theory where specific beliefs are hypothesised to drive mood/behaviour
1. Demandingness
2. Awfulising
3. Low-frustration tolerance
4. Depreciation
looking at absolutism that come through for cognitions
What were Bandura’s contributions to moral disengagement?
- moral justification - portraying inhumane behaviour as having moral purpose
- euphemistic labelling - sanitising language to make behaviour respectable
- advantageous comparison - trivialising behaviour by comparing it to more immoral acts
- Displacement of responsibility - a legitimate authority accepts responsibility for a behaviour
- Disregarding or misrepresneting injurious consequences - minimise or avoid facing harm caused
- dehumanisation - denying humanness may be used to justify acting with fewer constraints
What is self-efficacy and what is its effect on behaviour?
Belief one can execute a behaviour in a given situation and determines their competence of the behaviour
Low self-efficacy = avoidance/escape
High self-efficacy = generates perspective
It drives behaviour but also allows us to understand how capable someone is to change or stop their behaviour, this will effect our assessment
What are expectancies and how can they help us to understand behaviour?
It is behaviour that results form conscious choices based on the expected utility and rewards of said behaviours.
Personal beliefs about the consequences of acting a certain way
Vicariously learned and shaped by experiences
What is the effect of the interaction between self-efficacy and expectancies on assessment and understanding problems?
It is a perpetuating cycle, self-efficacy drives behaviour then expectancies shape behaviour. These experiences are orthogonal meaning that they are independent.
How can diaries be used in assessment?
They can help us to identity cues for presenting problems and when they recede. When analysing them we look for ‘vicious cycles’ and self-fulfilling prophecies.
What is Walter Mischels Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)?
A broad approach to social cognitive theory - cognitive affective personality system, this is a network information processing model that looks at cool and hot elements (cognitions/feelings)
What are the 5 cognitive-effective units (CAUs) of Mischels CAPS?
- Encodings
- Expectancies/self-efficacy
- ‘hot’ cognitions/affect
- Life goals and values
- Behavioural scripts
What are encodings?
Personal meaning associated with external cue followed by a stream of thoughts, feelings, expectations, goals, scripts that can be rather automatic. You can have the same cue but different subjective experiences.
What are expectancies/self-efficacy in CAPS?
Personal beliefs about outcomes
Confidence about successfully coping with a certain situation
What are ‘hot’ cognitions/affect?
Thoughts that activate strong emotions (he/she rejected me and that makes me angry)
Includes physiological components
Thoughts associated with important consequences
Often have existential themes (rejection, major setback, safety, aloneness)
What are life goals and values?
LG = global outcomes you desire for yourself that you hold closely
Values = provide direction and structure to life, organise and drive one’s efforts and decisions
What are behavioural scripts?
Learned ways of responding in an organised way to given set of CAUS though observational learning, direct behavioural learning process, our own reflections on what works - we can regulate behaviour.
What are Mischel signatures?
They are individually tailored signatures that take into consideration off of Mischels CAUs to understand how someone thinks, feels and may behave in a given situation that you are trying to understand. There is a map of the relationships between cognition and affect and generates an imprint of personality dispositions.
In Mischel’s signatures, what do solid lines, broken lines and weighting of lines represent?
- Excitatory
- Inhibitory
- Reflects individual differences
What is test-retest reliability and what can effect it?
It assess the consistency of a measure overtime. Factors that can influence it are:
1. Time between tests
2. Practice Effects
3. Participant characteristics
4. environmental characteristics
5. Instrumentation
6. Sampling bias
What is pearsons correlation coefficient?
a statistical measure that quantifies the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous variables. It tells us how closely the data points in a scatterplot follow a straight line, ranging from -1 (perfect negative correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation), with 0 indicating no correlation.
How can you make correlations stronger?
Increase your sample size
What are the approximate values of test-retest reliability and what do they tell us?
0.00 to 0.25: Little to no reliability. The test scores show low consistency over time.
0.26 to 0.50: Low to moderate reliability. The test scores exhibit some consistency, but there is room for improvement.
0.51 to 0.75: Moderate to high reliability. The test scores demonstrate reasonably consistent results.
0.76 to 1.00: High to very high reliability. The test scores show strong consistency over time.
What is construct validity?
The extent to which a measurement or test accurately assesses or measures the underlying theoretical construct or concept it is intended to measure. It evaluates how well the test aligns with the theoretical framework or idea it aims to represent.
Convergent validity is a type of construct validity, explain it.
It examines the degree to which the test correlates positively with other measures that are theoretically related to the construct. If the test is assessing a specific construct, it should show a strong positive correlation with other measures of the same construct.
