Behavioural and neo-behavioural Approaches Flashcards
What is functionalism?
A learning process involving relationships between stimuli and responses
What is associationism?
A learning process involving relationships between stimuli
How is cognitive defined?
Unseen processes that guide behaviour
What was the theoretical contribution of Watson?
Rejected introspection and subjective consciousness for observable behaviour only.
Founded classical conditioning.
Believed that behaviour was primarily a result of conditioned responses to stimuli in the environment.
Focus was on Stimuli (S) and response (R)
What was the contributions to behaviouralism form Skinner?
Rejected inferred motives and interested in observable events
Punishment suppresses a response as long is it is applied, but does not weaken the habit
Causes unfortunate emotional by-products (fear and stimulus generalisation)
Indicates what organism should not do, not what should do
Legitimises inflicting pain
What were the contributions of Palov?
Dogs salivate when they see food, also noticed that experiments footsteps cause salivation – called a psychic reflex
What were the contributions of Dollard and Miller?
Sought to account for psychoanalytical notions about fundamental drives
Focused on drive and tension reduction
Drive cues a behaviour to reduce drive
Reduction in drive reinforces the sequence
Only behaviours that result in drive reduction or tension reduction will occur
What are the four key aspects to learning from Dollard and Miller?
- Drive (engine)
- Cue (when/where a response is needed)
- Response (act or thought)
- Reinforcement (reward or non-reward, includes drive reduction)
What are the limitations of behaviour theories?
De-emphasises the private world
De-emphasises the concept of choice/free will
Define skinners concept of Operant Conditioning principles.
Any response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus tends to be repeated
A reinforcer is anything that increases the frequency of a response
Contingent reinforcement - getting the reinforcer is contingent on certain response
What is positive reinforcement?
When a behaviour is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, such as receiving praise or a reward, it can elicit positive emotions and increase the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring in the futur
what is negative reinforcement?
Removing an aversive stimulus can lead to relief and a reduction in negative emotions, thus increasing the likelihood of the associated behaviour repeating
What is punishment?
Addition of an aversive stimulus following a behaviour can elicit negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, or frustration. It may also result in aggression or the development of negative associations.
What is extinction?
When a behaviour is no longer reinforced, it may initially lead to frustration or confusion, which can elicit negative affect. However, over time, the behaviour tends to decrease, and the affective response associated with it may return to baseline level
What is shaping and chaining?
These principles involve reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behaviour or acquiring separate skills to be linked together. Positive reinforcement during these processes can create a sense of achievement, satisfaction, or pride, thereby influencing affective states.
