Humanist/Existential Approaches Flashcards
From Victor Frankl what is existential anxiety?
The courage to be - to break out of blind conformity and instead thrive for authenticity
To achieve this we need to be aware of non-being, alienation, nothingness, inevitability of death
Human desire significance, despite transitory nature of life
What is the concept of the here and now?
our private experiences, subjective perceptions and the self are important
What are Humanistic concepts?
Shares earlier existential concepts of responsibility, freedom, people have the capacity for self-awareness and choice
People are basically good, inherent potential to have meaningful relationships and to make choices that are in the interests of self and others
People can free themselves from crippling assumptions and attitudes
Growth and self-actualisation, rather than pathogenic processes
Present and conscious processes rather than past causes
Not being authentic to self Is the source of psychological problems
What are the shared basic concepts of humanism and existentialist theories?
Creativity, love, authenticity and free will are the ways to transformed and meaningful lives
Problems occur when we don’t exercise choices to forge our meaning
Measures emphasise narrative descriptions of experiences
Rational empirical methods are illusory
Narrative methods, qualitatively oriented
Pragmatic view of research - can questionnaires be useful?
According to humanism what is a health and unhealthy personality?
Healthy Personality
Exhibits intimacy, compassion, tolerance
Self-acceptance
Realistic self-perception
Sense of humour and self-insight
Unifying philosophy on life
Unhealthy
Inhibited ability to make authentic and self-directed choices about living
‘condition of worth’ - person learns that being loved and worthwhile is conditional on something
How does humanism view people?
Basically good, active and creative
Live in the present
Base their actions on subjective experience
Unique
Active agents - builders of our own lives
Choosing agent
Free agent
Responsible agent
Motivated towards personal growth and meaning
Experience oriented - not focused on interconnected constructs
What is Cronbach’s Alpha?
A statistical measure used to assess the internal consistency of a scale or questionnaire. It quantifies the extent to which a set of items in a scale are interrelated and measure the same underlying construct. It ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating greater internal consistency.
What is the idea of unidimensionality in cronbachs alpha?
While Cronbach’s Alpha provides a measure of internal consistency, it does not indicate whether a scale is unidimensional (measures a single construct) or multidimensional (measures multiple constructs). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) or Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) should be used to assess the dimensionality of a scale.
How is cronbachs alpha related to item-total correlation?
Cronbach’s Alpha is considered more advanced than item-total correlation. While item-total correlation assesses the relationship between individual items and the total score of the scale, Cronbach’s Alpha takes into account the interrelatedness among all the items in the scale.
Why is it important to only use Cronbach’s alpha in one subscale?
Cronbach’s Alpha is most appropriate when applied to a defined subscale or factor within a larger measure. It is not recommended to calculate Cronbach’s Alpha for a composite measure containing two or more distinct factors, as it may not accurately reflect the internal consistency of each factor separately.
what is the self-concept?
it is a relationship between the actual self and the ideal self.
What happens when the systems of the self-concept are in opposition?
Accurate perceptions can be threatening, particualrly when people see a part of your identity as incongruent with who you are.
What happens when the systems of the self-concept are in opposition?
Accurate perceptions can be threatening, particularly when people see a part of your identity as incongruent with who you are.
We engage in defensive behaviour. Rigidly organising oneself and we selectively focus on certain experiences that are consistent with our ideal self - avoid, withdraw from experiences that are inconsistent with our ideal self
Self-concept is thus a frame of reference
What do discrepancies between the self and ideal self lead to?
Disappointment, dissatisfaction, dejection, shame and embarrassment
They have an impact on how we feel and how we are going to cope.
Broadly what is the Q-sort method?
The Q-sort method provides a way to capture individual perspectives and allows participants to express their subjective opinions without the constraints of forced-choice or rating scales. It can be used to explore various areas of research, including personality traits, attitudes, values, or other subjective constructs. Researchers can gain insights into how individuals perceive and organise information, which can help in understanding individual differences and studying complex psychological phenomena.
