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1 year semester 2 > Social Cognition [D] > Flashcards

Social Cognition [D] Flashcards

1
Q

Define : Schemas ?

A

Schemas are metal frameworks centering on a specific theme that help organize social information.

  • Situations
  • People
  • occupations
  • Social roles
  • Social groups
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2
Q

The Influences of Schemas ?

A

Schemas Influences :

  • Attention [ What we notice ]
  • Encoding [ What we store in memory ]
  • Retrieval [ What we recover ]
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3
Q

Priming : which schemas guide our thoughts ?

A ] Priming ?
B ] Unpriming ?

A

A ] Priming = occurs when stimuli or events increase the availability in memory or consciousness.

B ] Unpriming = refers to the fact that the effects of the schemas will not decrease until they are somehow expressed in taught or behaviour.

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4
Q

Liabilities of schematic processing ?

A
  • People are overly accepting of information that fits a schema.
  • People fill in gaps with information that does not belong but is schema - consistent.
  • People may ignore information which does belong but is schema - inconsistent.
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5
Q

Advantages of Schemas processing ?

A
  • Schemas Add information.
  • Schemas aid recall
  • Schemas aid processing
  • Schemas provide expectations
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6
Q

Define : Perseverance ?

A

Perseverance effect is the tendency for beliefs and schemas to remain unchanged even in the face of contradictory information.

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7
Q

Define : Heuristics ?

A

Heuristics are shortcuts for problem solving that reduce complex or ambiguous information to more simple judgmental operations.

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8
Q

Types of Heuristics ?

A

Types of Heuristics ?

Representativeness heuristic -> Availability heuristic -> Anchoring & adjustment heuristic.

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9
Q

Define : Representativeness ?

A

Representativeness = making judgement based on the extent to which current stimuli or events resemble other stimuli or categories.

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10
Q

The Representativeness Heuristic ?

A

The Representativeness heuristic selects a schema based on the similarity between the stimulus and the schema.

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11
Q

Anchoring & Adjustment ?

A

Anchoring & Adjustment =

  • Judgements based on this rule can be wrong.
  • Anchors often are arbitrary
  • Personal experiences do not serve as good anchors.
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12
Q

Two Basic Modes of Social Thought ?

A
  1. Automatic Processing :
    - Seemingly effortless
    - Involves amygdala.
  2. Controlled Processing :
    - Involves prefrontal cortex.
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13
Q

Define : Automatic Processing ?

A

Automatic Processing occurs when, after extensive experience with a task or type of information.

  • > seemingly effortless
  • > unconscious manner

Example = Activation of Stereotypes

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14
Q

Five Potential Sources of Error in Social Cognition ?

A

Potential Errors =

  1. Negativity Bias
  2. Optimistic Bias
  3. Overconfidence Barrier
  4. Planning Fallacy
  5. Bracing for Loss
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15
Q

Potential Error :

  1. Negativity Bias ?
A
  1. Negativity Bias :
  • People show greater sensitivity to negative information than to positive information.
  • Bias may be explained by evolutionary factors.
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16
Q

Potential Bias :

  1. Optimistic Bias ?
A
  1. Optimistic Bias :
  • Predisposition to expect most things to turn out well.
  • > overconfidence barrier
  • > Planning Fallacy
17
Q

Potential Bias :

  1. Overconfidence barrier ?
A
  1. Overconfidence barrier = tendency to have more confidence in the accuracy of our own judgements than is reasonable.
18
Q

Potential Bias :

  1. Planning fallacy ?
A
  1. Planning fallacy = is the tendency to believe that we can get more done in a given period of time than we actually can.
19
Q

Define :
A ] Counterfactual thinking
B ] Thought suppression
C ] Magical thinking

A

A ] Counterfactual thinking - is the tendency to imagine alternative outcomes in a situation other than the ones that actually occurred.
B ] thought suppression - are efforts to prevent certain thoughts from entering consciousness.
C ] magical thinking - is based on irrational assumptions.

20
Q

Affects and Cognition :

A

Moods affect how new stimuli are perceived.

21
Q

Define :

  1. Mood congruent effects ?
    &
  2. Mood dependent memory effect ?
A
  1. Mood congruent effects current moods strongly determine which information in a given situation is noticed and entered into memory.
  2. Mood dependent memory effect determined what information is retrieved from memory.
22
Q

Define :

  1. Logical thought
    &
  2. Affect or emotion
A
  1. Logical thought
    - Forward thinking, accepting of delays.
  2. Affect or emotion
    - Impulsive, prefers immediate rewards

1 year semester 2 (13 decks)

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