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social psychology year 2 > social cognition and perception > Flashcards

social cognition and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what is social cognition?

A

how we process and store social information
how this affects our perceptions and behaviour

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2
Q

what are cognitive misers?

A

we can adopt cognitive shortcuts to think as little as possible

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3
Q

what is categorisation?

A

simplifies perceptions by treating a group of objects in a similar way

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4
Q

what is a rule based approach to categorisation?

A

each category is represented by a set of features
can sometimes be hard to define-different approaches to deciding a category

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5
Q

what is a prototypical approach to categorisation?

A

members share something in common
often the average characteristic but can sometimes be the most extreme- eg environmentalist think of Greta Thumberg

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6
Q

what is the exemplar approach for categorisation?

A

typical category members

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7
Q

what happens once categorisation has occurred?

A

a schema is evoked

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8
Q

what is a schema?

A

mental heuristic, makes it easier for you to think

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9
Q

what happens once schemas are activated?

A

influence information processing and inference

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10
Q

what is the entreprenuerhsip alertness schemata?

A

cognitive schemas that entreprenuers have

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11
Q

what are the 3 dimensions of the entrepreneurship has 3 dimensions?

A

scanning and search

association and connection

evaluation and judgement

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12
Q

what is scanning and search?

A

persistent in investigating new ideas

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13
Q

what is association and connection?

A

processing information in creative ways to make extensions in logic, consider possibilities and make unique connections

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14
Q

what is evaluation and judgement?

A

if new information is absorbed in a way which is relevant to the individual’s own interests

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15
Q

what is the breadth of cross cultural experience?

A

frequency and diversity of cultures experienced

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16
Q

what is the depth of cross cultural experience?

A

extensive knowledge of specific cultural contexts

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17
Q

what did Pidduck et al, 2020 find out about cross cultural experience and entrepreneurship?

A

did an online survey

looked at the relationship between breadth of cross cultural experience and entrepreneurship alertness schemata

found that breaadth of cultural experiences provides diverse novel stimuli, which encourages alertness schemas to develop

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18
Q

what does it mean if the brain is a cognitive miser?

A

ability and tendency of the human brain to problem solve in the most simple way rather than using more sophisticated and effort-intensive ways

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19
Q

what is salient information?

A

information that stands out

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20
Q

what does availability of information mean in relation to heuristics?

A

judge the frequency of an event based on the number of instances bought to mind for that event

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21
Q

what does representativeness mean in relation to heuristics?

A

whether a person is an example of a stored schema/stereotype

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22
Q

what does anchoring and adjustment mean in relation to heuristics?

A

using information about initial standards/schemas- can develop social behaviours from this

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23
Q

what is attribution bias?

A

cognitive bias

systematic errors made when people try to evaluate or find reasons for their own/others behaviour

24
Q

what are attributions?

A

judgements and assumptions about why people behave in certain ways

25
Q

what is the Naive scientist?

A

as humans, we attempt to establish cause and effect, even if we aren’t scientists

26
Q

what is causal attribution?

A

inferring causes from observable behaviour or other information to predict and control our environment

27
Q

do dispositions remain stable or unstable for us?

A

stable

28
Q

do situations remain stable or unstable for us?

A

unstable

29
Q

what is the covariation model used for?

A

to see if things have an internal or external cause

30
Q

what is distinctiveness in the covariation model?

A

does this person behave this way in other situations

31
Q

what is consistency in the covariation model?

A

does this person regularly behave this way in this situation

32
Q

what is consensus in the covariation model?

A

do other people regularly behave this way in this situation

33
Q

who do we compare other people to in the covariation model?

A

ourselves

34
Q

what are two types of attribution biases?

A

fundamental attribution error

actor observer effect

35
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error?

A

like to believe that we have control

just world hypothesis

36
Q

what is the just world hypothesis?

A

like to believe that good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people

37
Q

what is the actor observer effect?

A

tendency to make dispositional attributions for others, and situational attributions for ourselves

38
Q

what happened in Adams & Inesi, 2016 study into blame and forgiveness?

A

participants offered choice of tasks

if they picked good task- other person had to do boring task

participant finds out the initial participant’s task has resulted in their boring task

victims see transgression as intentional- believe transgressors feel less guilty than they do and underestimate forgiveness wanted

39
Q

what is self serving bias?

A

tendency to take credit for successes but not for failures to protect people’s self esteem

40
Q

how does the ultimate attribution error relate to ethnocentrism?

A

people blame the negative behaviour of groups which they aren’t part of due to inherent flaws, but when it comes to their own group, attribute circumstances to the cause of their behaviour

41
Q

what are public perceptions of risk?

A

measure of public feelings that don’t necessarily correspond to reality

42
Q

what does the public deficit model look at?

A

relationship between perceptions and knowledge

43
Q

do public perceptions of risk match reality of risks?

A

no
risks seem more acceptable if they are natural and familiar

44
Q

what is the public deficit model?

A

knowledge correlates with general attitudes

but this depends whether research is useful or not

no relation for non-useful research or moral issues research

scientifically informed individuals are more discriminating in their judgements

45
Q

what are the two dimensions of risks?

A

dread and the unknown

46
Q

what is signal potential?

A

idea that a risk occurring would have further impacts beyond immediate shocks

47
Q

what is the affect heuristic?

A

judgements of risk and benefit stem from an overall affective feelings about the behaviour

48
Q

what is psychological distance?

A

a 4 component model describing the likelihood of an event happening

49
Q

what are the four components of psychological distance?

A

uncertainty
social distance
geographic distance
temporal distance

50
Q

what does construal mean?

A

the way a person understands the world or a particular situation

51
Q

why does being psychologically close lead to a low level construal?

A

directs attention towards specific, tangible details that are readily available and relevant in the present context

52
Q

how does being psychologically distant lead to a high level construal?

A

encouraging abstract thinking and meanings, influences decision-making and behavior based on broader considerations.

53
Q

how can we investigate processing psychological distance?

A

using the Stroop Task to classify the spatial distance of the word presented

irrelevant stimuli can either slow or speed up responses

54
Q

how did words differ in the Stroop Task to assess psychological distance?

A

either close or distant spatially
low or high uncertainty
close or distant socially
close or distant temporally

55
Q

what did the Stroop test show about psychological distance?

A

when participants were asked to think about information in a more psychologically distant manner (such as events in the future or spatially distant objects), they experienced reduced Stroop interference

social psychology year 2 (4 decks)

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