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Social Behavior > Social Cognition > Flashcards

Social Cognition Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cognition

A
  1. how we acquire, store, retrieve and use information

2. cognitive processes and structures that influence and are influenced by others behavior

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2
Q

gestalt psychology

A

social behavior = function of peoples perception of their world and their how they manipulated their perceptions

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3
Q

cognitive consistency

A

maintaining their cognitive consistency.
reducing discrepancies between their different believes
- discrepancies are unpleasant

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4
Q

Cognitive miser

A

people using the least complex and demanding cognitions to develop generally adaptive behavior

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5
Q

motivated tactician

A

people have different cognitive strategies

use depends on goal, motives and needs

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6
Q

Asch’s gestalt based configural model

A

central traits= traits that have an higher influence on the final impression making
peripheral traits= traits have less influence on the final impression making result

e.g. warm/cold - central trait dimension
polite/blund - peripheral traits

two main dimension
1. good/bad (social) 2. good/bad (intellectual)

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7
Q

Primacy effect

A

traits that are presented first influence the final impression making
- presenting positive information first - favorable evaluation

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8
Q

recency effect

A

later information has more than the earlier presented one (e.g. overload, tiered, to many stimuli)

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9
Q

Positivity and Negativity

A

Absence of information - assuming the best of others = positive impression
! Biased towards negativity

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10
Q

Physical appearance

A

primacy effect: appearance gives us an accurate first impression of someone

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11
Q

schema

A

cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus including it attributes and the relation among these attributes

tendency to fill in gaps with prior knowledge and preconceptions, rather than seeking new information

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12
Q

personal construct

A

Personal way of characterizing people and

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13
Q

Types of schema

A
  1. persons schema (structures about a specific person
  2. role schema (structures about specific occupants e.g pilot)
  3. scripts( schemas about an event (e.g. eating out in an restaurant
  4. content frees schemas ( A likes B, P likes A, B also should like a - balance theory
  5. self-schemas (about yourself, representing and storing information about yourself)
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14
Q

Category

A

based on religion, nationality, occupants

- referring through prototypes and exemplars

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15
Q

Prototype

A

most representative example of category

  • attributions varying in instances = some overall fit better than others
  • more prototypical of a category
  • simple classification of people
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16
Q

Fuzzy set

A

different instances within a category centered around a prototype
e.g. teacher; existing prototype (glasses)
other instances; young dynamic teacher
- both fitting in one category

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17
Q

Exemplars

A

specific instances of a member of a category (e.g. Americans =Barack Obama)

18
Q

How do we get schemas?

A
  • prior knowledge (modified/constructed -encounters with category instances
  • more abstract - more linked /encountered instances
  • higher complexity - linked to more instances
  • higher complexity - more organized/ links
  • higher organization- compact schemas (single- mental construct
19
Q

What is social encoding?

A

social stimuli are represented in the mind of the individual

  1. Pre- attentive analysis (scanning )
  2. Focal attention (identification and categorization of stimuli)
  3. Comprehension (giving meaning - how to behave)
  4. Elaborative reasoning (linking to other knowledge
20
Q

What captures attention?

A
  1. Salience (outstanding stimuli to other stimuli)
    e. g. men in a group of only women
  2. vividness: (emotionally interesting, provoking, proximity
  3. Accessibility ( automatic primed - how we process new information)
21
Q

Organization of memory

A

social memory divided in

  1. person memory: more accurate person memory
    - easier to recall (familiar people)
  2. Group membership: encounters with strangers
    - stereotypical attributes (e.g. age, gender, ethnicity)
22
Q

What is Social inference ?

A

inference process = identifying, sampling, combining information to form impressions

23
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

overestimate internal attributions

underestimate situational/external factors

24
Q

Kelley’s attribution theory/ covariation model

A

combination of internal/external factors
Types of information
1. Consistency: Does harry smile at the blond cashier or only today ?
2. Distinctiveness: Does Harry smile at all cashiers or only the blond one
3. Consensus: Does everyone smile at the blond cashier or just harry

25
Q

Correspondent inference theory (Keith)

A

certain behavior is connected to certain personality
- internally attributions - dispositional traits
- not considering situational factors (external attributions)
-preference for internal attributions
1

26
Q

Reasons for correspondent attribution

A
  • freely chosen behavior
  • exclusive behavior
  • highly personalized behavior
  • low in social desirability
  • hedonic relevance
27
Q

outcome bias

A

outcomes of behavior were intended by the person who chose the behavior

28
Q

Hedonic relevance

A

Behavior has important consequence of our self

29
Q

Personalism

A

Appearance of behavior- directly intended to benefit or harm oneself rather than others

30
Q

self perception theory

A

gaining knowledge about ourself only by making self attributions - getting idea form our own behavior

31
Q

Affect infusion model

A

different judgement of people based on current mood

e. g. meeting each other; you=friendly ; me = bad mood
- thinking that you are annoying - mood congruence

32
Q

actor-observer effect

A

attribution of other’s behavior internally to dispositional factors
own behavior externally to environmental factors

33
Q

perceptual accentuation

A

employing peripheral (e.g. welsh, English) information to making judgments when one is not familiar with the central dimension (singing ability)

  • using peripheral information for assistance
  • based on stereotypes
34
Q

self-serving bias

A

attributing negative outcomes to others/ situations (external) and positive outcomes internal

35
Q

self-protecting bias

A

perceiving our negative behavior as situational dependent - ego serving

36
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

that if you tell yourself a specific attitude towards an object, that it will become real.

37
Q

Heuristics

A

Cognitive shortcuts

38
Q

reasons for using heuristics

A

limited capacity for short term memory

- storing schematically information in long-term memory

39
Q

Principles of heuristics

A
  1. Representativeness heuristics:
    How well an instance represents its assigned category (based on similarities)
  2. Availability heuristic:
    frequency or likelihood of an event based on how quickly instances come to mind
  3. Anchoring/ Adjustment:
    inferences are connected to initial standards/schemas
    e.g Information about other people
    - anchored in beliefs about our self (self-schema)
40
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Prefer the own in-group in all aspects over an out-group (in-group serving bias)

+ positive behavior/ in-group member( internally)
- negative behavior/ out-group member (internally)
+positive behavior/ out-group member (externally)
- negative behavior/ in-group member (externally)

41
Q

ultimate attribution error

A

bad out-group/ good in- group behavior = internally

Social Behavior (5 decks)

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