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Prejudice Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Conformity bias

A

individuals and minorities always conform to the majority because of the group norm

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2
Q

Minority influence

A

social influence whereby the smaller groups change the attitudes of the majority group

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3
Q

Why to people conform to majorities?

A

people feel more dependent on majorities because of information and given norms

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4
Q

Conformity

A

if the majority influence persuades the minority to adapt its viewpoint or norm-
you internalize the norm

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5
Q

Innovation

A

the minority comes up with new ideas to convince the majority to adopt their viewpoint

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6
Q

Dehumanization

A

Stripping people of their humanity and dignity

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7
Q

Genocide

A

the ultimate expression of prejudice

excluding a whole social group

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8
Q

Institutionalized Prejudice

A

a legitimate regime like the government has negative attitudes against a social group.
e.g. Apartheid in South Africa

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9
Q

Prejudice

A

unfavorable/negative attitude towards a social group, its members
no matter if the group is large or small, they all can have negative attitudes in society y

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10
Q

What is a concept to justify prejudice

A

Stereotypes

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11
Q

What is a stereotype

A

Widely shared and simplified images of a social group and its members

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12
Q

Three component attitude model

A
  1. Cognitive: beliefs thoughts about an attitude object
  2. Affective: feelings towards an attitude object and its possessed qualities
    - usually negative
  3. Behavioral (Conative)
    - how we behave towards the attitude object = action itself
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13
Q

What do Americans, West Indians, politicians and students have in common?

A

They all can be an attitude object

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14
Q

Attitude-behavior relationship

A

Relationship between prejudiced beliefs and the practice of discrimination

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15
Q

What is the order of Discrimination, Stereotype and Prejudice ?

A

Stereotype (neutral) - Prejudice( negative stereotype) - Discrimination(action; behavior)

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16
Q

What a targets of prejudice and what makes them outstanding?

A
  • social categorization that are vivid, omnipresent and socially functional
  • mostly lower social positions
    1. race
    2. sex
    3. age
    4. Ethnicity
    5. Sexual orientation
    6. Physical and mental health
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17
Q

Sexism

A

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their gender

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18
Q

Difference between men and women?

A

Men = competence
Women = warm
warmth/ competence - stereotype content model. most important dimension

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19
Q

Reasons for sex stereotypes

A

sex stereotypical attributions of a person

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20
Q

Glass- ceiling

A

invisible barrier for women or other minorities to get access to higher leadership positions

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21
Q

Glass- cliff

A

women is appointed to a higher leadership position but just because their is a certainty that she will fail or being criticized

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22
Q

Glass- cliff

A

women is appointed to a higher leadership position but just because their is a certainty that she will fail or being criticized

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23
Q

Role of media

A

faceism = greater focus by men on the head and by women on the body but not vice versa

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24
Q

Stereotype content model

A

stereotypes are made up of two dimensions

warmth or competence

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25
Q

Racism

A

Prejudice/discrimination against people based on their ethnicity

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26
Q

Kinds of racism

A
  1. Aversive Racism
    e. g. deep-seated emotional antipathy towards racial out-group
  2. Modern racism
  3. Symbolic racism
  4. Regressive racism
  5. Ambivalent Racism
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27
Q

What are primes for racism?

A

faces, accents, costumes

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28
Q

relatively automatic cognitions

A

stereotypes are automatically created by categorization of people
- categorization arises/ based on category primers (e.g. faces, accents)

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29
Q

Implicit association test

A

reaction time test to measure particular unpopular attitudes which people would hide

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30
Q

Ageism

A

prejudice/discrimination against people based on their age

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31
Q

Forms of discrimination

A
  1. Reluctance to help
  2. Tokenism
  3. Reverse Discrimination
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32
Q

Reluctance to help

A

not helping others to improve their position in society

  • passively/actively failing to assist
  • to make sure that they stay disadvantaged
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33
Q

Tokenism

A

making publicly small concessions to a minority group

reason: to hide the actual prejudiced attitude and discrimination
e. g. hiring a women in a only men company

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34
Q

Reverse discrimination

A

publicly being prejudiced in favor of a minority group
in order to hide prejudice and discrimination against that group
-extreme form of tokenism

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35
Q

Stigmas

A

beliefs/ thoughts about a group mediate a negative social evaluation of the group and its members

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36
Q

Types of stigma

A
  1. Visible stigma
  2. Invisible stigma/ conceable stigma
  3. Controlable stigma
  4. Uncontrolable stigma
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37
Q

visible stigma

A

e.g. race, sex, obesity)

little chance to avoid being the target of prejudice

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38
Q

invisible stigma

A

e.g. homosexuality

avoiding experience with stigma = internalized stigma

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39
Q

Controlable stigma

A

e.g. obesity, smoking
- people have made a choice of possessing them
= higher chance being a target of prejudice

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40
Q

Uncontrolable Stigma

A

e. g. homosexuality, race, sex

- people have little choice to posses them

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41
Q

Self esteem

A

feeling about an evaluation of oneself

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42
Q

Relationship self-esteem and prejudice

A
  • internalizing negative evaluations
  • lower self-esteem
  • damage to self- esteem
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43
Q

Stereotype threat

A

feeling that you will be judged and treated in terms of negative stereotypes of your group
= you confirm these stereotypes without purpose only through your behavior

expectation: getting judged because of your stereotype, so you act accordingly to it

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44
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

expectations/assumption about a person influences the way we interact with that person
changing behavior in line with our expectations

45
Q

stereotype lift

A

you profit from the fact that you belong to a socially valid group; it will boost your image and stereotype (e.g. greenpeace - attribution of being social

46
Q

Attributional ambiguity

A

stigmatized people are sensitive to the why people treat them how they treat them

  • suspicion and mistrust
  • bad for self-esteem
47
Q

Dehumanization

A

denying human uniqueness and human nature

48
Q

human uniqueness

A

differentiates humans from other animals

49
Q

Explanation for prejudice

A
  1. mere exposure effect

2. frustration-aggression hypothesis

50
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A
  • all frustration leads to aggression
  • all aggression comes from aggression
  • target of aggression is agent of frustration
51
Q

Scapegoat

A

individual or group that becomes the target for anger and frustration that was initially caused by another group or individual

52
Q

Intergroup aggression

A

group is frustrated in its goals by another more powerful group to be aggressed against
- displace aggression towards a lower group

53
Q

Collective behavior

A

behavior of people in a mass e.g. crowed, protest riot

54
Q

Relative deprivation

A

sense of having less than we feel entitled to

55
Q

Fraternalistic deprivation

A

group has sense of having less than they are entitled to

56
Q

Authoritarian personality

A

syndrome of personality characteristic

  • originated in childhood
  • predispose people to be prejudiced
  • predisposition: thinking that you are superior to others
  • prejudice others faster
57
Q

Authoritarianism

A

sticking to the rules of the authority

58
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

preference in evaluation for all aspects of the own in-group compared to other out-groups

59
Q

Dogmatism

A

cognitive style

  • being intolerant and predisposed people to be prejudice
  • isolation of contradictory belief systems
  • resistance to belief change
60
Q

Social Dominance Theory

A

prejudice attribution

  • individuals acceptance to an ideology that legitimize in- group serving hierarchy and domination
  • rejection of other ideologies
61
Q

System justification theory

A

people are resistance to social change because the justify and protect the existing system keeping the status quo

62
Q

Belief congruence theory

A

similar beliefs promote liking and social harmony
dissimilar belies produce dislike and prejudice
-rewarding and positive attitudes

63
Q

probedual injustice

A

feeling that you have been a victim of unfair procedures

64
Q

Minimal group paradigm

A

experimental methodology to investigate the effect of social categorization alone with behavior

  • mere fact to someone is being categorized to a group enhances ethnocentrism/competitive intergroup behavior
    conclusion: peoples strive to favor in-group over out-group
65
Q

intergroup behavior

A

the behavior among individuals related to their awareness / identification with different social groups

behavior that is influenced by the group member’s perception that they belong to a different group than others.

66
Q

Social categorization

A

you identify with the group you belong to and notice that others belong to different groups
- influences social behavior and how we interact with other people

67
Q

Reasons for social categorization

A
  • reducing uncertainty

even in minimal groups

68
Q

Effects of categorization

A

only discrimination if categorization leads to reduction of uncertainty

69
Q

Social Identity theory

A

group membership and intergroup relations based on social comparison
-construction of self definitions in terms of the group norm

70
Q

Self-Categorization Theory (Turner)

A

just the fact that you categorize yourself as a group member produces a social identity for yourself and leads to group and intergroup behavior

71
Q

Social identity

A

part of your self-concept that comes from belonging to a social group (group membership)

e. g.
- how we should think or act

72
Q

Characteristics of group and intergroup behaviors?

A
  1. Ethnocentrism
  2. In-group favoritism
  3. Intergroup differentiation
  4. Authoritarian personality
  5. Frustration-aggression hypothesis
73
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

you prefer all aspects of your own group more than of the out-group

-evaluate other groups with your standards

74
Q

In-group favoritism strategy

A

favoring your in-group more than your out-group

75
Q

In-group differentiation

A

emphasis the differences between your own group and other groups

76
Q

Entitativity

A

characteristics that makes a group seem to be unitary

77
Q

Result of categorization process

A

depersonalisation
conformity to group norms
self-stereotyping

78
Q

depersonalisation

A

you don’t treat someone as unique individual anymore

  • more like a prototype of the social group
  • comparing the characteristics to the prototype
79
Q

Realistic conflict theory (Sherif)

A
  • intergroup behavior/conflict depends on the goals each group wants to achieve
  • exklusive goal= intergroup conflict and ethnocentrism
    = competitiveness behavior
  • shared goal: reducing intergroup conflict because groups have to work together to achieve the goal
    = cooperation behavior
80
Q

What are the core concepts of social identity theory ?

A
  1. Society structure: different social groups
    power and status relations (e.g. blacks and whites)
  2. social categories providing members with social identity
81
Q

Meta-contrast principle

A

prototype of a group= position with the highest difference percentage compared to an out-groups position

82
Q

What are typical social dilemmas?

A
  1. Prisoner dilemma
  2. Trucking game
  3. Commons dilemma
83
Q

Commons dilemma

A

cooperation benefits everyone
competition harms everyone
e.g. renewable resources

84
Q

Free-rider effect

A

if you use the benefits of a group membership but you don’t tribute something back
e.g. using the train without a ticket, don’t paying for the costs of maintaining the train track

85
Q

superordinate goal

A

goal which can be just achieved if social groups work together

86
Q

what promotes social identity

A
  1. self enhancement

2. Uncertainty reduction

87
Q

self - enhancement

A

providing people with a positive in-group distinctiveness = positive social identity

  • distinctiveness improves self-esteem
  • collective self-esteem related to group processes
  • protection against low-self-esteem consequences
88
Q

Uncertainty reduction

A

need to feel certain about one own’s identity and how to act
groups provide us with structured and clear sense of self

89
Q

Strategies for achieving positive social identity

A
  1. social mobility belief system

2. social change belief system

90
Q

Group based strategies for getting positive social identity

A
  1. cognitive alternatives
  2. social creativity
  3. social competition
  4. System justification theory
91
Q

social mobility blief system

A

the in-group boundary is permeable.
you can get from a low- status group position to a high-status -position when you change your group

Result: improve of social identity

92
Q

Social change belief system

A

intergroup boundaries are impermeable
you cannot change your status position
- improving social identity by challenging the the status of the higher status position

93
Q

Deindividuation

A

people lose their sense of socialized individual identity

engaging in unsocialized , antisocial behavior

94
Q

emergent norm theory

A

collective behavior is regulated by norms
- made up form specific behavior when a crowed formation takes place

  • intergroup concept
95
Q

Weapons effect

A

the mere presence of a weapon increases the likelihood that you will use it in an aggressive way

96
Q

Ways to improve intergroup relations

A
  1. superordinate goals/cooperation
  2. Propaganda/Education
  3. Intergroup contact
  4. Generalisation
  5. Communication and negotiation
97
Q

intergroup contact

A

lack of intergroup contact, no chance to meet people form other social groups

Result: prejudice

98
Q

sources of threat in intergroup contact

A
  1. Realistic threat
    - very existence of a group, well-being
  2. Symbolic threat
    - produced by out-group’s norms, beliefs, values
  3. intergroup anxiety
    - threat to self (fear of rejection) during intergroup interactions
  4. Negative stereotypes
99
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

bringing together people form different social groups can improve intergroup relations
- reduction of prejudice

100
Q

Collective narcissism

A

group can create a strong sense for ethnocentrism, entitlement, superiority

e.g. immigration; fears of competition for employment

101
Q

Extended contact effect

A

Knowing someone of the own in-group that has a close relationship with an out-group member

= improve attitudes towards the out-group

102
Q

Ways to reduce intergroup conflict through communication and negotiation

A
  1. Bargaining
  2. Mediation
  3. Arbitration
  4. Conciliation
103
Q

Bargaining

A

representatives of each group try to find a solution through direct negotiation

104
Q

Mediation

A

third party tries to reach a solution by intervening

105
Q

Arbitration

A

third neutral party to force a solution

- last step of conflict solution

106
Q

Conciliation

A

groups show cooperative intention to the other group to avoid escalation of the conflict

  • finding a compromise
  • Reciprocity principle
107
Q

zero-sum conflict

A

group gains what the other group loses

-the more one gains, the more other loses

108
Q

Non-zero sum conflict

A

both groups gain the same

Social Behavior (5 decks)

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