Prejudice Flashcards
Conformity bias
individuals and minorities always conform to the majority because of the group norm
Minority influence
social influence whereby the smaller groups change the attitudes of the majority group
Why to people conform to majorities?
people feel more dependent on majorities because of information and given norms
Conformity
if the majority influence persuades the minority to adapt its viewpoint or norm-
you internalize the norm
Innovation
the minority comes up with new ideas to convince the majority to adopt their viewpoint
Dehumanization
Stripping people of their humanity and dignity
Genocide
the ultimate expression of prejudice
excluding a whole social group
Institutionalized Prejudice
a legitimate regime like the government has negative attitudes against a social group.
e.g. Apartheid in South Africa
Prejudice
unfavorable/negative attitude towards a social group, its members
no matter if the group is large or small, they all can have negative attitudes in society y
What is a concept to justify prejudice
Stereotypes
What is a stereotype
Widely shared and simplified images of a social group and its members
Three component attitude model
- Cognitive: beliefs thoughts about an attitude object
- Affective: feelings towards an attitude object and its possessed qualities
- usually negative - Behavioral (Conative)
- how we behave towards the attitude object = action itself
What do Americans, West Indians, politicians and students have in common?
They all can be an attitude object
Attitude-behavior relationship
Relationship between prejudiced beliefs and the practice of discrimination
What is the order of Discrimination, Stereotype and Prejudice ?
Stereotype (neutral) - Prejudice( negative stereotype) - Discrimination(action; behavior)
What a targets of prejudice and what makes them outstanding?
- social categorization that are vivid, omnipresent and socially functional
- mostly lower social positions
1. race
2. sex
3. age
4. Ethnicity
5. Sexual orientation
6. Physical and mental health
Sexism
Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their gender
Difference between men and women?
Men = competence
Women = warm
warmth/ competence - stereotype content model. most important dimension
Reasons for sex stereotypes
sex stereotypical attributions of a person
Glass- ceiling
invisible barrier for women or other minorities to get access to higher leadership positions
Glass- cliff
women is appointed to a higher leadership position but just because their is a certainty that she will fail or being criticized
Glass- cliff
women is appointed to a higher leadership position but just because their is a certainty that she will fail or being criticized
Role of media
faceism = greater focus by men on the head and by women on the body but not vice versa
Stereotype content model
stereotypes are made up of two dimensions
warmth or competence
Racism
Prejudice/discrimination against people based on their ethnicity
Kinds of racism
- Aversive Racism
e. g. deep-seated emotional antipathy towards racial out-group - Modern racism
- Symbolic racism
- Regressive racism
- Ambivalent Racism
What are primes for racism?
faces, accents, costumes
relatively automatic cognitions
stereotypes are automatically created by categorization of people
- categorization arises/ based on category primers (e.g. faces, accents)
Implicit association test
reaction time test to measure particular unpopular attitudes which people would hide
Ageism
prejudice/discrimination against people based on their age
Forms of discrimination
- Reluctance to help
- Tokenism
- Reverse Discrimination
Reluctance to help
not helping others to improve their position in society
- passively/actively failing to assist
- to make sure that they stay disadvantaged
Tokenism
making publicly small concessions to a minority group
reason: to hide the actual prejudiced attitude and discrimination
e. g. hiring a women in a only men company
Reverse discrimination
publicly being prejudiced in favor of a minority group
in order to hide prejudice and discrimination against that group
-extreme form of tokenism
Stigmas
beliefs/ thoughts about a group mediate a negative social evaluation of the group and its members
Types of stigma
- Visible stigma
- Invisible stigma/ conceable stigma
- Controlable stigma
- Uncontrolable stigma
visible stigma
e.g. race, sex, obesity)
little chance to avoid being the target of prejudice
invisible stigma
e.g. homosexuality
avoiding experience with stigma = internalized stigma
Controlable stigma
e.g. obesity, smoking
- people have made a choice of possessing them
= higher chance being a target of prejudice
Uncontrolable Stigma
e. g. homosexuality, race, sex
- people have little choice to posses them
Self esteem
feeling about an evaluation of oneself
Relationship self-esteem and prejudice
- internalizing negative evaluations
- lower self-esteem
- damage to self- esteem
Stereotype threat
feeling that you will be judged and treated in terms of negative stereotypes of your group
= you confirm these stereotypes without purpose only through your behavior
expectation: getting judged because of your stereotype, so you act accordingly to it
Self-fulfilling prophecy
expectations/assumption about a person influences the way we interact with that person
changing behavior in line with our expectations
stereotype lift
you profit from the fact that you belong to a socially valid group; it will boost your image and stereotype (e.g. greenpeace - attribution of being social
Attributional ambiguity
stigmatized people are sensitive to the why people treat them how they treat them
- suspicion and mistrust
- bad for self-esteem
Dehumanization
denying human uniqueness and human nature
human uniqueness
differentiates humans from other animals
Explanation for prejudice
- mere exposure effect
2. frustration-aggression hypothesis
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
- all frustration leads to aggression
- all aggression comes from aggression
- target of aggression is agent of frustration
Scapegoat
individual or group that becomes the target for anger and frustration that was initially caused by another group or individual
Intergroup aggression
group is frustrated in its goals by another more powerful group to be aggressed against
- displace aggression towards a lower group
Collective behavior
behavior of people in a mass e.g. crowed, protest riot
Relative deprivation
sense of having less than we feel entitled to
Fraternalistic deprivation
group has sense of having less than they are entitled to
Authoritarian personality
syndrome of personality characteristic
- originated in childhood
- predispose people to be prejudiced
- predisposition: thinking that you are superior to others
- prejudice others faster
Authoritarianism
sticking to the rules of the authority
Ethnocentrism
preference in evaluation for all aspects of the own in-group compared to other out-groups
Dogmatism
cognitive style
- being intolerant and predisposed people to be prejudice
- isolation of contradictory belief systems
- resistance to belief change
Social Dominance Theory
prejudice attribution
- individuals acceptance to an ideology that legitimize in- group serving hierarchy and domination
- rejection of other ideologies
System justification theory
people are resistance to social change because the justify and protect the existing system keeping the status quo
Belief congruence theory
similar beliefs promote liking and social harmony
dissimilar belies produce dislike and prejudice
-rewarding and positive attitudes
probedual injustice
feeling that you have been a victim of unfair procedures
Minimal group paradigm
experimental methodology to investigate the effect of social categorization alone with behavior
- mere fact to someone is being categorized to a group enhances ethnocentrism/competitive intergroup behavior
conclusion: peoples strive to favor in-group over out-group
intergroup behavior
the behavior among individuals related to their awareness / identification with different social groups
behavior that is influenced by the group member’s perception that they belong to a different group than others.
Social categorization
you identify with the group you belong to and notice that others belong to different groups
- influences social behavior and how we interact with other people
Reasons for social categorization
- reducing uncertainty
even in minimal groups
Effects of categorization
only discrimination if categorization leads to reduction of uncertainty
Social Identity theory
group membership and intergroup relations based on social comparison
-construction of self definitions in terms of the group norm
Self-Categorization Theory (Turner)
just the fact that you categorize yourself as a group member produces a social identity for yourself and leads to group and intergroup behavior
Social identity
part of your self-concept that comes from belonging to a social group (group membership)
e. g.
- how we should think or act
Characteristics of group and intergroup behaviors?
- Ethnocentrism
- In-group favoritism
- Intergroup differentiation
- Authoritarian personality
- Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Ethnocentrism
you prefer all aspects of your own group more than of the out-group
-evaluate other groups with your standards
In-group favoritism strategy
favoring your in-group more than your out-group
In-group differentiation
emphasis the differences between your own group and other groups
Entitativity
characteristics that makes a group seem to be unitary
Result of categorization process
depersonalisation
conformity to group norms
self-stereotyping
depersonalisation
you don’t treat someone as unique individual anymore
- more like a prototype of the social group
- comparing the characteristics to the prototype
Realistic conflict theory (Sherif)
- intergroup behavior/conflict depends on the goals each group wants to achieve
- exklusive goal= intergroup conflict and ethnocentrism
= competitiveness behavior - shared goal: reducing intergroup conflict because groups have to work together to achieve the goal
= cooperation behavior
What are the core concepts of social identity theory ?
- Society structure: different social groups
power and status relations (e.g. blacks and whites) - social categories providing members with social identity
Meta-contrast principle
prototype of a group= position with the highest difference percentage compared to an out-groups position
What are typical social dilemmas?
- Prisoner dilemma
- Trucking game
- Commons dilemma
Commons dilemma
cooperation benefits everyone
competition harms everyone
e.g. renewable resources
Free-rider effect
if you use the benefits of a group membership but you don’t tribute something back
e.g. using the train without a ticket, don’t paying for the costs of maintaining the train track
superordinate goal
goal which can be just achieved if social groups work together
what promotes social identity
- self enhancement
2. Uncertainty reduction
self - enhancement
providing people with a positive in-group distinctiveness = positive social identity
- distinctiveness improves self-esteem
- collective self-esteem related to group processes
- protection against low-self-esteem consequences
Uncertainty reduction
need to feel certain about one own’s identity and how to act
groups provide us with structured and clear sense of self
Strategies for achieving positive social identity
- social mobility belief system
2. social change belief system
Group based strategies for getting positive social identity
- cognitive alternatives
- social creativity
- social competition
- System justification theory
social mobility blief system
the in-group boundary is permeable.
you can get from a low- status group position to a high-status -position when you change your group
Result: improve of social identity
Social change belief system
intergroup boundaries are impermeable
you cannot change your status position
- improving social identity by challenging the the status of the higher status position
Deindividuation
people lose their sense of socialized individual identity
engaging in unsocialized , antisocial behavior
emergent norm theory
collective behavior is regulated by norms
- made up form specific behavior when a crowed formation takes place
- intergroup concept
Weapons effect
the mere presence of a weapon increases the likelihood that you will use it in an aggressive way
Ways to improve intergroup relations
- superordinate goals/cooperation
- Propaganda/Education
- Intergroup contact
- Generalisation
- Communication and negotiation
intergroup contact
lack of intergroup contact, no chance to meet people form other social groups
Result: prejudice
sources of threat in intergroup contact
- Realistic threat
- very existence of a group, well-being - Symbolic threat
- produced by out-group’s norms, beliefs, values - intergroup anxiety
- threat to self (fear of rejection) during intergroup interactions - Negative stereotypes
Contact hypothesis
bringing together people form different social groups can improve intergroup relations
- reduction of prejudice
Collective narcissism
group can create a strong sense for ethnocentrism, entitlement, superiority
e.g. immigration; fears of competition for employment
Extended contact effect
Knowing someone of the own in-group that has a close relationship with an out-group member
= improve attitudes towards the out-group
Ways to reduce intergroup conflict through communication and negotiation
- Bargaining
- Mediation
- Arbitration
- Conciliation
Bargaining
representatives of each group try to find a solution through direct negotiation
Mediation
third party tries to reach a solution by intervening
Arbitration
third neutral party to force a solution
- last step of conflict solution
Conciliation
groups show cooperative intention to the other group to avoid escalation of the conflict
- finding a compromise
- Reciprocity principle
zero-sum conflict
group gains what the other group loses
-the more one gains, the more other loses
Non-zero sum conflict
both groups gain the same
