Aggression Flashcards
What is aggression?
Intent to harm, injure another living being
who is motivated to avoid such treatment.
- hurt, destroy somebody or yourself
What are the types of aggression
- Direct aggression (e.g. hitting)
- Out-group hostile - Indirect Aggression
-intention but no direct consequence
(e.g. refusing to help in an emergency - showing kind of aggression)
-In-group Favoritism - Hostile aggression (e.g. bloddy nose =physical harm)
- instrumental aggression ( passive aggression; superordinate goal, manipulation threat)
- Proactive aggression
(e.g before you hit us, we will hit you) - Reactive aggression
-reaction respond
-self-defend
-legitimate
(Hostile +Instrumental)
Classes of Explanations for aggression
- Biological
- Evolutionary
- Social Explanation
Biological Explanation of aggression
- nature-nurture controversy
- innate action tendency
aggression as an instinct
- pattern of response that is predetermined genetically
- driven by impulse
Characteristics of an instinct
- Goal-directed = has a specific consequence (e.g. attack)
- beneficial= for the individual and the whole species
- adapted= to a normal environment
- shared = by all members of the species
- Developed= clear way as the individual matures
- unlearned= made out of personal experience
nature-nurture controversy
discussion if some behavior is learned by environmental factors or genetically predetermined
Psychodynamic self theory
- Freud aggression builds up naturally through bodily tension - self-destruction - redirection to someone else - need for release = one factor theory - innate death instinct (Thanatos)
Ethnology
study of instincts of a species in its natural social environment
(how people act in their natural environment)
What is Ethnology about?
- behavior is genetically determined
- control through natural selection
- aggression triggered by environmental factor = releaser
- survival value
releasers
specific stimuli in the environment that triggers aggressive behavior
Two factor- conditional theory
- innate urge to aggress
2. response depends on environmental stimulus (releasers )
Evolutionary social psychology
complex social behavior = adaptive + function to help individuals, kin and the whole species to survive
-innate basis of aggression
= all social behavior has an biological basis
-Darwinian theory: “survival of the fittest” transferring genes
Biosocial explanation
emphasis on innate component of behavior but not a fully instinct that influences the behavior
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
all frustration leads to aggression
all aggression comes from frustration
Problem with Frustration aggression hypothesis
- what is really frustration
2. what kind of frustration does really lead to aggression
Excitation-transfer model
- mostly that you transfer any produced emotional arousal (i.e. aggression) by an experience to another situation (gym - parking space)
Function of aggression expression =
- learnt aggressive behavior
- arousal from another source
- interpretation of the arousal state (appropriate)
- arousal can transfer from a previous situation to another that can trigger aggression (if you tend to be more aggressive) +
- lossing control over the arousal