Social Class - External + Internal Flashcards
Becker - 1971
- Internal
- Labelling theory - how you see yourself based on labels
- Teachers all have their ideal pupil
- respond to pupils based on how close they are to the idea - most were middle class
Rosenthal and Jacobson - 1968
Internal
- Teachers expectations
- Self fulfilling prophecy
- if teachers are told students are bright, they’ll teach them accordingly or vice versa
- achievement matched with expectations when all students were mixed ability
Ball - 1981
Internal
- Impact of banding
- students can be streamed based on factors other than ability - such as parents jobs - ascribed status
- self fulfilling prophecy based on bands
- low banded pupils develop anti-school subcultures
Gillborn and Youdell
Internal
- A*-C economy
- schools in competition to look the best
- setting a pass level to get into college + uni lets schools focus on those most likely to achieve
- educational triage - to sort out in order of priority
Lacey - 1970
Internal
- Subcultures - form because of streaming or banding
- 2 stage process
1- Differentiation - pupils are categorised
2- Polarisation - pupils respond by moving closer to the extremes (poles) - Pro-school and anti-school subcultures
Gewirtz -1995
Policy - external or internal
- Parents and their choices of schools - marketing
1- Middle Class - Good Income + cultural capital -> Privileged + skilled
2- Working Class - Less confident with authorities -> disconnected + local
3- Working Class -Low cultural capital but keen -> semi-skilled
Rist - 1970 - internal
Hargreaves - 1975 - internal
Wood - 1979 - internal
- Teacher labelling of young pupils by social class
- Classifying pupils and deviance in classroom
- pupils adaptation - either reject or accept school rules and expectations
Criticisms of interactive studies
1 - Teachers are blamed for categorising but often they are making a professional judgement
2- labelling is deterministic - not everyone accepts their labels
3- labelling offers insight but not a full explanation - ignore structural issues
4- difficult to empirically prove through research
5- Ethical issues - pupils are treated as research subjects- affects learning
Howard
External
- Material deprivation - diet
- Lack of nutrition leads to a weakened immune
- Which increases absences and can create more behavioural and emotional problems
Raey
External
- University Choice
- Working class students more likely to apply to local unis to save money
- more likely to work part time to fund their education
Douglas
External
Cultural deprivation
- Working class parents are less likely to support their kids development through reading
- They lack books/toys to help with development
Bernstein
External
Cultural Deprivation
- Working class fail to develop needed language skills
- they have restricted code - limited expression and implicit
- whereas middle class have elaborated code - abstract and more detailed
Sugarman
External
Material deprivation
- Lack of parental interest reflects subcultural values
- Fatalism - ‘whatever will be will be’
- Collectivism - Value being in a group more than succeeding as an individual
- Immediate Gratification - Always want success now
- Present Time Orientation - sees present as more important then future
