social class, external factors and education

Question 1

What is restricted code

Answer 1

-speak in short simple sentences
-limited vocabulary
-

Question 2

what is elaborated code

Answer 2

-speak in more complex varied sentence structures
-richer vocabulary

Question 3

what is culture

Answer 3

encompasses the collective customs and social practise of a group like traditional festivals or cuisine

Question 4

what is norms

Answer 4

include unwritten rules like queuing in line or dressing appropriately for different occasions

Question 5

what is values

Answer 5

examples are beliefs in equality, family importance , respect for elders ,

Question 6

what are roles

Answer 6

include the expectations associated with being a teacher

Question 7

what is status

Answer 7

affects ones social interactions and opportunities

Question 8

how to these concepts relate and interact with each other

Answer 8

culture norms and values and roles are intellerated and collectively shape social behaviour. culture provides a framework within which norms are established and values are upheld.roles are specific functions individuals preform in society and status indicates their social position.

Question 9

What are primary agents of socialisation

Answer 9

family- introduce individuals to these concepts in society, providing the foundational

Question 10

What are the secondary agents of socialisation

Answer 10

schools, peers , media build up on this foundation expanding and refining ones understanding

Question 11

what happens without culture?

Answer 11

without norms society would lack cohesion, and order. Norms provides guidelines for behaviour without them there would be confusion and inconsistency inactions. values offer a framework distinguishing from right to wrong . roles ensure that individuals know their responsibilities

Question 12

what percentage of students with parents in a higher professional job passed?

Answer 12

83%

Question 13

What percentage of students with parents in a in the routine class passed?

Answer 13

44%

Question 14

what is social class?

Answer 14

Social class is a hierarchy broken up into sections based on peoples classes

Question 15

How does educational achievement differ by social class?

Answer 15

students with parents with higher professional jobs are more likely to pass than students with parents in routine jobs

Question 16

criticisms of Bernstein’s theory

Answer 16

universality, oversimplication, contemporary relevance

Question 17

What does universality mean

Answer 17

critics may argue that Bernstein’s theory may not be universally applicable, as it assumes all members of a social class uniformly use the same language code. this overlooks the diversity within social class and the possibility of different language experience

Question 18

What does oversimplifacation mean

Answer 18

The binary distinction between restricted and elaborated codes can be seen as oversimplification of the complex ways language is used. peoples language use ca vary widely depending on the context, purpose and audience.

Question 19

What does contemporary relevance mean?

Answer 19

In todays increasingly diverse and interconnected world, the rigid boundaries Bernstein drew between social classes and their corresponding language codes may longer be true. Within the greater access to education individuals from all social classes may be exposed to and use both codes in differnet contexts

Question 20

How do Douglas’s and Feinstein’s theories differ in terms of the influence of parental education on children’s academic success?

Answer 20

Douglas emphasizes the role of parental interest and support while Feinstein focuses on the educational background of parents and their direct engagement in cognitive development

Question 21

Douglas parental attitudes(1964)

Answer 21

-parental interest
Douglas argued that parental interest in a child education, such as attending school meetings and engaging with their learning process was a key determinant of educational success. Middle class parents, according to Douglas, tended to show greater involvement and support which contributed to their children’s higher academic achievement.
-parental support
the quality of support and encouragement provided by parents including help with homework and fostering a positive attitude towards education, was seen as crucial in shaping childrens educational outcomes

Question 22

Feinstein parental attitudes(2003)

Answer 22

-parental education and engagement
Feinstein highlighted that parents with higher levels of education are more likely to encage in activities that support their children cognitive development, such as reading to them, stimulating their intellectual curiosity and maintain expectations for their academic performance
-parental investment
Feinstein focused on the role parental investment in terms of both time and resources. Educated parents are more likely to provide a stimulating home environment access to educational materials and overall supportive context for learning

Question 23

What is fatalism?

Answer 23

Fatalism is the ones beliefs that ones fate is predetermined and that individuals have little control over their life’s outcomes. This mind set can diminish motivation to succeed academically as individuals may feel that no matter their efforts they cannot change their socioeconomic status.

Question 24

What is collectivism?

Answer 24

A preference for group loyalty and identity over individual success. This value emphasizes the importance of being part of a community which can sometimes conflict with the individualistic nature of academic achievement.

Question 25

What is immediate gratification?

Answer 25

The tendency to prioritize short term awards over long term goals. This value can lead to a lack of investment in education, as the benefits of education are often realized in the distant future.

Question 26

What is present time orientation?

Answer 26

A focus on the present rather than planning for the future . This can result in a lack of long-term goals, and educational aspirations, as the future is not considered as important as the immediate needs or desires.

Question 27

Who came up with these sub cultural values?

Answer 27

Sugarman

Question 28

criticisms of Sugarman

Answer 28

-over generalization
- critics argue that Sugarman overgeneralizes the behaviour and attitudes of the working class. Not all working class individuals share these values and many working class students achieve academically.

determinism
- working class students are inevitably bound to under achieve due to their sub cultural values. This perspective overlooks the agency of individuals and their role of other r factors such as the schools quality, teacher expectations and family support
changing social contexts

changing social contexts
The changing social context of the working class has changed since Sugarman’s time. with increased access to education and changes in the economy the relevance of these subcultural values may have shifted

Alternative explanations
Other sociologists suggest factors like material deprivation, cultural capital and institutional biases within the education system may play more of a significant role in educational achievement and subcultural values