social change affecting policy development Flashcards
DRINK-DRIVING - CHANGING PERCEPTIONS
in 1925…
- first law passed making drunk driving an offence
- no clear definition of drunk and no legal limit on how much alcohol drivers could have in their blood
DRINK-DRIVING - CHANGING PERCEPTIONS
road safety
- becoming more of a public concern from the 1950s
- drink driving moved up as a political agenda
- 1996, all new cars had to have seatbelts
DRINK-DRIVING - BREATHALYSERS
Road Safety Act 1967
- blood alcohol limit 80mg alcohol / 100 ml blood
DRINK-DRIVING - BREATHALYSERS
1968
- breathalysers introduced
DRINK-DRIVING - BREATHALYSERS
breathalysers introduced resulted in
- reduced number of road traffic accidents from 25% to 15%
- 1,152 fewer recorded deaths
- 11,177 fewer serious injuries
DRINK-DRIVING - TOUGHER LAWS
- what scheme was introduced for convicted drivers with an alcohol problem?
High Risk Offender Scheme 1983
DRINK-DRIVING - TOUGHER LAWS
new laws and tougher sentencing …
- reflect growing public intolerance of drink driving
- deaths from accidents involving alcohol have been declining largely due to tighter restrictions
- only about 5% road casualties
DRINK-DRIVING - CAMPAIGNS
first tv advertising campaign against drink driving…
- mounted by the government aired over 50 years ago
- fall in deaths partly due to these
- sometimes target specific groups who are most at risk (young men)
DRINK-DRIVING - CAMPAIGNS
brake
- argue that the government need to go further
- 1 in 8 road deaths still involve driver over the alcohol limit
- England and Wales have the highest legal limit in Europe
DRINK-DRIVING
statistics
1979 - 1640 deaths
2016 - 230
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - INTRO
in 1945
- fewer than 20,000 non-white residents in the UK
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - INTRO
1950s and 1960s
- non white immigrants came from former British colonies
- Caribbean, Indian subcontinent, and Africa
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - WINDRUSH
who were they?
- Caribbean migrants arriving in the UK between 1948 and 1971
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - WINDRUSH
what did they face?
- hostility, as many white people held racist stereotypes of black people as dirty, diseased, and criminal
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - WINDRUSH
1950s and 60s
- immigrants often met with discrimination in housing, employment, and services
- legal to discriminate against a person on grounds of race
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - RACE RELATIONS
Race Relations Act 1965
- banned racial discrimination in public places
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - RACE RELATIONS
further Race Relations Act 1968
- outlawed discrimination in the key areas of employment, housing, public services
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - RACE RELATIONS
1965 and 1968 Acts replaced
- Race Relations Act 1976
- significantly strengthened the law by extending it to cover both direct and indirect discrimination
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - RACE RELATIONS
Race Relations Act 1976
- replaced by Equality Act 2010
- brought together laws on racial, sex, age, and disability discrimination
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - CULTURAL CHANGE
1960s
- has been a cultural change
- a decline in prejudice towards ethnic minorities
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - CULTURAL CHANGE
1987
- British Attitudes Survey found that 39% were racially prejudiced
- 2017 - 26%
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - CULTURAL CHANGE
public perception
-result of changing attitudes, a change in public perception of discrimination and race hate as crime
- more likely to accept that these should be criminal offences
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - REASONS FOR CHANGE
if the law
- is changed to forbid, discrimination, people may abandon their prejudiced attitudes to make them fit with how they’re required to behave
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - CONTINUING DISCRIMINATION
have clearly…
- been changes in attitudes and behaviours since the demographic changes brought by immigration
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - CONTINUING DISCRIMINATION
as well as
- racism towards non-whites, there is Islamophobia racism towards East European and Gypsies/Roma
IMMIGRATION AND RACISM - CONTINUING DISCRIMINATION
April 2018
- Theresa May apologised for their treatment
LGBTQ+ - before 1960s
for centuries…
- same- sex sexual activity was condemned as immoral or sinful
- it was severely punished by law
LGBTQ+ - before 1960s
The ___ Act
- Buggery Act 1533 made sodomy between men punishable by death
LGBTQ+ - before 1960s
although the…
- death penalty for sodomy was abolished in 1861
LGBTQ+ - before 1960s
in the …
- 20th century, the law continued to be enforced against gay men
- by 1954, there were over 1,000 men in prison
LGBTQ+ - before 1960s
in the 1950s…
- there were high profile trials including wartime code-breaker Alan Turning
LGBTQ+ - decriminalisation
the persecution…
-of these high profile people let to an outcry and a committee was established under Sir John Wolfenden to review the law
LGBTQ+ - decriminalisation
the wolfenden report…
- was published in 1957
- recommended decriminalisation of sexual activity in private between men aged 21 and over
LGBTQ+ - decriminalisation
this became…
- law in 1967 in England and Wales
LGBTQ+ - changing values & attitudes
attitudes…
- have changed considerably in recent decades and now about 2 thirds of the population see nothing wrong with homosexuality compared to 1/5 or less in the 1980s
LGBTQ+ - changing values & attitudes
2004
- civil partnerships legally recognised
LGBTQ+ - changing values & attitudes
2014
- same-sex marriage legalised in England and Wales
- 2020 in northern ireland
LGBTQ+ - changing values & attitudes
social changes thought…
-to be influenced by secularisation (less than 1/2 of Britons believe in God)
- therefore, the weakening of the influence of religious views on homosexuality
LGBTQ+ - changing values & attitudes
also influenced by…
- individualism (belief that people should have the rights to choose how they live as long as they don’t harm others)
- and equal rights
LGBTQ+ - changing values & attitudes
however…
- 1 in 5 LGBT people and 2 in t trans people experience hate crime
