Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

criminology > individualistic theories > Flashcards

individualistic theories Flashcards

1
Q

freud - psychoanalysis
freud stated that…

A

our early childhood experiences determine our future behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

freud - psychoanalysis
in his view…

A

‘the child is the father to the man’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

freud - psychoanalysis
where is the id located

A

in the unconscious, instinctive, ‘animal’ part of the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

freud - psychoanalysis
what does the id contain?

A

powerful, selfish, pleasure-seeking needs and drives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

freud - psychoanalysis
what is the id governed by?

A

the ‘pleasure principle’ - the blind desire to satisfy the urges at any cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - id
if we acted on these urges whenever we felt them…

A

they would often lead to antisocial and criminal behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - superego
what does the superego contain?

A

our conscience and moral rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - superego
where do we learn our moral rules?

A

through interactions with our parents during early socialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - superego
example of superego

A

we might be punished for trying to satisfy our urges without regard for others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - superego
superego - through socialisation…

A

the child internalises its parents’ ideas of right and wrong , and the superego develops as a sort of ‘nagging parent’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - superego
if we act - or consider acting…

A

against the superego, we feel guilt and anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
how did freud see our behaviour as the result of?

A

the struggle between the id and superego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
what is the ego’s role?

A

to try strike a balance between their conflicting demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
what is the ego driven by?

A

the ‘reality principle’ - learns from experience (that in the real world, have consequences)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
example following on from reality principle

A

a child learns that snatching a biscuit without asking may lead to punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
the ego seeks to…

A

control the id’s urges whilst finding a way to balance them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
example following on from what the ego seeks to do

A
  • a child learns to say please to obtain what it wants
  • it learns that sometimes it may have to repress gratification of the id’s desires
18
Q

freud - psychoanalysis - the ego
in a well-adjusted person…

A

the ego acts in a way that satisfies the id’s desired but is also morally acceptable to the superego

19
Q

freud - psychoanalysis
a weakly developed superego

A

means the individual will feel less guilt about antisocial behaviour and less inhibition about acting on the id’s selfish or aggressive urges

20
Q

freud - psychoanalysis
a too harsh and unforgiving superego means…

A
  • creates deep seated guilt feelings
  • then craves punishment as a release
  • engage in compulsive repeat offending behaviour to be punished
21
Q

freud - psychoanalysis
a deviant superego is…

A
  • child is successfully socialised, but in a deviant moral code
  • son may have perfectly good relationship with his criminal father so he internalised criminal values
  • his superego would not inflict guilt feelings for contemplating criminal acts
22
Q

BOWLBY’S MATERNAL DEPRIVATION THEORY
bowlby argues that there is a link…

A

between maternal deprivation and deviant/antisocial behaviour

23
Q

BOWLBY’S MATERNAL DEPRIVATION THEORY
in his view…

A

the child needs a close, continuous relationship with its primary carer (typically mother) from the age of 5 to develop normally

24
Q

BOWLBY’S MATERNAL DEPRIVATION THEORY
if the mother-child attachment is broken through separation (even for short time)…

A

it can leave the child unable to form meaningful emotional relationships with others

25
Q

BOWLBY’S MATERNAL DEPRIVATION THEORY
this is…

A

affectionless psychopathy and can lead to criminality

26
Q

BOWLBY’S MATERNAL DEPRIVATION THEORY
evidence

A
  • study of 44 juvenile thieves
  • 39% suffered maternal deprivation before 5
  • control group of non-delinquents, only 5%
27
Q

SUTHERLAND’S DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (LEARNING)
sutherland argues that…

A

individuals learn criminal behaviour largely in family and peer groups and is the result of 2 factors

28
Q

SUTHERLAND’S DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (LEARNING)
imitation of criminal acts

A
  • individuals can acquire criminal skills and techniques through observing those around them
29
Q

SUTHERLAND’S DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (LEARNING)
learned attitudes

A
  • socialisation within the group exposes them to attitudes and values about the law
  • learn more unfavourable - more likely to become criminals
30
Q

SUTHERLAND’S DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (LEARNING)
example study

A
  • white collar crime
  • group attitudes in work place often normalised criminal behaviour
  • making it easier to justify
31
Q

OPERANT LEARNING THEORY - SKINNER
the idea is that…

A

if a particular behaviour results in reward, it is likely to be repeated (positive reinforcement)

32
Q

OPERANT LEARNING THEORY - SKINNER
behaviour results in an undesirable outcome…

A

likely not be repeated (punishment)

33
Q

OPERANT LEARNING THEORY - SKINNER
behaviourism

A
  • cause of someone’s behaviour lies in the reinforcements and punishments that shape it
34
Q

OPERANT LEARNING THEORY - SKINNER
differential reinforcement theory

A
  • skinner argued that all behaviour results from reinforcements and punishments
  • must explain criminal behaviour too
35
Q

OPERANT LEARNING THEORY - SKINNER
example - Jefferey’s differential reinforcement theory

A
  • if crime has more rewarding consequences, then an individual is more likely to commit criminal behaviour
  • financial rewards, respect
36
Q

OPERANT LEARNING THEORY - SKINNER
to explain offending…

A

we need to look at the balance of rewards and punishments for the particular individual

37
Q

MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY (KOHLBERG)
kohlberg argues…

A
  • our ideas of right and wrong develop through a series of levels and stages from childhood to adulthood
38
Q

MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY (KOHLBERG)
pre-conventional or pre-moral level

A
  • young children define right and wrong in terms of what brings punishment or rewards
39
Q

MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY (KOHLBERG)
by adulthood…

A
  • our ideas of right and wrong involve an understanding of underlying moral principles and values
40
Q

MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY (KOHLBERG)
this suggests that…

A
  • criminals’ moral development is stuck at a less mature level
  • likely to think in terms of whether their actions lead to reward or punishment, rather than how it may affect others
41
Q

MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY (KOHLBERG)
cognitive behavioural therapy

A
  • cognitive theories that see delinquents’ thought patterns as different have led to a range of treatments for offenders

criminology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions