Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

paper 1 - History > social change 1886-1914 > Flashcards

social change 1886-1914 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards World History 101 flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards
1
Q

trade unions 1888

A
  • 750,000 members
  • 10% of all adult male workers in the economy
  • unions had been the reserve of the artisan class
  • development of new unionism afoot
  • traditional unions and new model unions focused on defending the interests of their members
  • growth due do terrible social conditions = views laissez-faire economics couldn’t provide society for all
  • led to an increase of socialism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

new unionism

A
  • included semi-skilled and unskilled workers
  • political influenced by socialist ideals
  • aim to improve trade conditions
  • wanted fundamental changes to wealth and income distribution in favour of the low-paid workers
  • caused strikes: match-girl’s strike 1888
  • growth shows political consciousness within the working class
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why are new unions also known as general unions

A
  • anyone within industry regardless of jobs are charged low subscriptions
  • highly selective traditional trade unions focused on protecting the positon of their skilled members form other worker in the industry and charged high subscriptions beyond reach of artisans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

trade unions 1888-1890s rapid growth

A
  • summer 1888 - strike at Bryant and May match factory
  • March 1889 - Gas Worker’ and General Labourer’s union created
  • 14 August 1889 - Great London Dock Strike
  • 1890s - shipping federation
  • 1890s - period of retreat for trade unions as depression weakened position of workers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bryant and May match factory strike

A
  • women earning on average five shillings (25p) for a 70-hour week
  • successful strike
  • match girls union was formed 1889 with 800 members
  • imported pay and conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

gas worker’s and general labourers union 1889

A

20,000 members by the end of the year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

great London dock strike 1889

A
  • august 14th
  • lasted 5 weeks
  • by end of august over 100,000 workers were in strike
  • demands: 6d per hour - employers gave in
  • imported pay and conditions
  • support domestic and abroad - £30,000 raised by Australian dock workers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

seamen’s union and General Railway worker’s union formed

A

1889

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1890s saw the employers fighting back against trade unions

A
  • shipping federation to break the hold of Docker’s union
  • 1893 national free labour association proved backlog labour to the federation and other employers
  • docker’s union membership fell from 60,000 to 20,000 in 2 years
  • employers able to find workers willing to break strike = trade unions goal in uniting all not successful
  • government and court decisions were also significant in decline of new unionism: taff vale, Osbourne judgement damaged trade unions power
  • caused movement from liberal support to labour representation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Osbourne judgement

A
  • Walter Osbourne objected to paying the political levy that went to the labour party
  • HofL ruled in Osbourne’s favour
  • hit the Labour Party hard stirring sympathy for the Labour Party
  • judgement overturned by the trade union act 1913
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

taff vale judgement 1901

A
  • amalgamated society of railways company asked for a wage increase for it’s members as taff vale railway company was making higher profits from demand from Boer War
  • company refused and brought in ‘blackleg’ labour from the national free labour association
  • implemented injunction to prevent union picketing and sued union for damages to compensate for lost revenue during strikes
  • union had to pay £23,000
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

trades disputes act 1906

A
  • brought in by liberals based off Labour Party bills
  • overruled taff vale decision, strengthening the union movement and leading to an increasing number supporting the Labour Party
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

syndicalism definition

A
  • a form of revolutionary socialism that aims to overthrow the capitalist system and replace it with a socialist system based on trade union movement
  • sees trade unions as having the power to gain control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

striking between 1908-14

A
  • the killing of a miner Tonypandy 1910
  • 2 strikers shot for attacking a train in Llanelli 1911
  • national railway strike 1911
  • national transport strike 1912
  • three biggest unions formed alliance to take sympathetic action if one of them went on strike 1914
  • strikes 1910-14 = political
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stats on striking and numbers of working days lost in a year

A

1908 - 3M members, 400 stoppages and 11M working day lost
1912 - 3.4M members, 800 stoppages and 41M working days lost
1914 - 4M members, 972 stoppages and 10M working days lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

impact and influence of syndicalism

A
  • aggressive attacks of the ASRs and South Wales Miner’s Federation 1911-12
  • Tom Mann’s role in creation of the national transport worker’s federation in 1910 and involvement in strike action (Liverpool 1911)
  • arrests and imprisonments of Mann and Bowman = publication of ‘don’t shoot’ leaflet
  • triple alliance of the Miner’s federation, National union of railwaymen and the national transport workers’ federation = general strike
17
Q

syndicalisms involvement

A
  • invoked in minor key strikes
  • dismissed because majority of union leaders were moderates and only in South Wales and Liverpool were there strong evidence of syndicalism
  • syndicalism shouldn’t be overstated
18
Q

which two groups were pushing for female emancipation 1886-1914

A
  • the suffragist movement -> NSWS, 1860s reform and working within the law
  • the suffragettes -> WSPU, 1903 militant approach
  • common enemy the anti-suffrage league
19
Q

the national society for women’s suffrage, NSWS

A
  • founded by millicent Fawcett and Lydia Becker
  • constitutional approach via bill, petitions, protesting etc
  • 1884 reform bill and the private members bill failed to equal franchise for men and women
20
Q

liberal support for female suffrage

A
  • some liberal MPs supported female suffrage yet nothing changed when liberals came into power
  • liberals gave single women to vote in local government elections and allowed women to join school boards
21
Q

conservative support for female suffrage

A
  • conservatives post reform act 1884, tactically motivated but no measures to enfranchise women when in power
  • conservative Primrose league catered for women who played active roles within it (working class and middle class women)
  • Primrose league didn’t support female suffrage but didn’t prevent it either
22
Q

split within the suffragists movement

A
  • suffragist movement split in the 1880s over whiter to stick to non-party approach
  • NSWS destructed in 1888 to allow groups affiliated to political parties to join
  • all would be liberal as conservative primrose league was not allowed to affiliate with other organisations
  • resulted in three separate groups: parliament street society, great college street society and the women’s franchise league
23
Q

women social and political unions, WSPU

A
  • militant approach: breaking windows, arson, hunger strikes
  • 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst founded WSPU as she was dissatisfied with earlier campaigns and lack of progress
  • ‘black Friday’ 1910 when Ada Wright was sculpted by the police they felt empowered leading to the extension of the franchise 1832-67
  • attracted publicity and strong reactions
  • cat and mouse act - police would arrest, jail and release to catch again to reduce hunger strikes in jail as force feeding became a propaganda coup
  • 1913 - Derby horse race, Emily Davidson attempted to pin a suffragette rosette in the King’s horse causing fatal injuries = martyr
24
Q

three phases of the WSPU

A

phase one - may 1906 - June 1908 = confronting parliament and ministers and campaigning at by-elections
phase two - June 1908-Jan 1910 = militancy
phase three - nov 1911-August 1914 = full parameters of militancy

25
Q

Anti-suffrage league

A
  • 10,000 members and 235 branches
  • no affiliation with party
  • arguments: not all women wanted the vote, ‘biological argument’ unfit to vote and defend, ‘separate spheres’ argument = women should remain in the domestic sphere and men in public
26
Q

Support from Labour Party for female suffrage

A
  • only party to clearly support female suffrage
27
Q

Expansion of towns

A
  • rapid urbanisation 1886-1914
  • urban to rural population 3:1
  • agricultural opportunity declined
  • industrial heartlands: higher wages, work available
  • water services 1900 and municipal gas
  • chronic shortages of accommodation
28
Q

the housing of the working class acts 1890 and 1900

A
  • compelled local authorities to demolish unhealthy housing and provide other accommodations for those made homeless
  • made loans to build new houses easier to obtain
  • both acts filled to deal with strategic planning of expanding towns
29
Q

expansion of service industries (retail, leisure etc)

A
  • growth and new developments with the growth of retail, leisure and financial services
  • chains: Lipton, Sainsbury’s and boots: offering a wide range of goods
  • catered for middle classes and working classes gained access as food prices dropped
  • ‘penny bazaars’ shops had a penny price limit - ex Marks and Spencer
  • focus on consumers appealing through advertising campaigns
  • financial services were vital cornerstone to B economy
  • leisure industry grew: Blackpool and other seaside resorts, bank holidays 1871
  • working class: watching football, 100,000 people attended FA cup final in 1901
30
Q

standards of living

A
  • inequality and poverty during this period shown via rise of the Labour Party, growth of trade unions, new liberalism and debates over national efficiency
  • falling prices led to improvement in real wages and standard of living
  • growth of retail and leisure industries show increase standard of living
  • reforms in public health and social reforms improved SofL
31
Q

evidence of poverty 1886-1914

A
  • two surveys to assess living conditions: Charles Booth’s in London and Seebohm Rowntree’s in York
  • Booth’s ‘life and Labour in London’ 1889 & Rowntree’s 1889
  • made it clear that those in poverty cycle couldn’t help themselves without the help of the government
32
Q

Booth’s survey found

A
  • 30% of London pop lived below poverty line

- 9% lived in primary poverty unable to afford the basics vs 21% in secondary poverty afford minimal

33
Q

rowntrees’s survey found

A
  • 28% living under poverty line

- poverty causes low wages, lack of regulation work, ill health, old age and large families

34
Q

evidence of rising standard of living

A
  • estimation of incomes 1904:
    1,250,000 rich = £590,000,000
    3,750,000 comfortable = £250,000,000
    38,000,000 poor = £880,000,000
  • all industries despite depression showed evidence of increasing standard of living
  • middle class standard of living increasing close to lifestyle of upper class and upper class remained wealthy
  • 30% of population remained very poor

paper 1 - History (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions