Social Beliefs And Judgements

Question 1

We have two brain systems

Answer 1

System 1 ( function automatically, intuition or gut feeling)
System 2 (requires conscious attention)

Question 2

Things we don’t even consciously we notice can subtly influence how we interpret and recall events.

Answer 2

Priming

Question 3

The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments

Answer 3

EMBODIED COGNITION

Question 4

Advocates of this believe we should tune into our hunches to use System 1

Answer 4

Intuitive judgement

Question 5

The powers of intuition

Answer 5

Automatic processing
Controlled processing

Question 6

“Implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to intuition.” Also known as System 1.

Answer 6

automatic processing

Question 7

“Explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious. Also known as System 2.

Answer 7

controlled processing

Question 8

We have seen how automatic, intuitive thinking can “make us smart.” Nevertheless spoke for other cognitive scientists in having doubts about the brilliance of intuition.

Answer 8

THE LIMITS OF INTUITION

Question 9

The tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

Answer 9

Overconfidence

Question 10

Types of overconfidence

Answer 10

Stockbroker overconfidence
Political overconfidence
Student overconfidence

Question 11

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.

Answer 11

Confirmation bias

Question 12

One lesson is to be wary of other people’s dogmatic statements. Even when people are sure they are right, they may be wrong. Confidence and competence need not coincide

Answer 12

REMEDIES FOR OVERCONFIDENCE

Question 13

a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments

Answer 13

Heuristics: mental shortcuts

Question 14

The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member.

Answer 14

The representativeness Heuristics

Question 15

Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.

Answer 15

Counterfactual thinking

Question 16

is a perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

Answer 16

illusory thinking

Question 17

People like feeling in control and so, when experiencing a lack of control, will act to create a sense of predictability

Answer 17

Gambling

Question 18

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one’s average.

Answer 18

regression toward the average

Question 19

Social judgment involves efficient information processing. It also involves our feelings

Answer 19

Moods and judgements

Question 20

How we explain others’ behaviors; either by attributing them to their internal disposition or to the external situation.

Answer 20

Attribution theory

Question 21

attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits.

Answer 21

Dispositional Attribution

Question 22

attributing behavior to the environment.

Answer 22

Situational attribution

Question 23

Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source. This can contribute to sexual harassment or rape

Answer 23

Misattribution

Question 24

The ease with which we infer traits. An effortless, automatic inference of a traits after exposure to someones’s behavior

Answer 24

Spontaneous Trait Inference

Question 25

The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior.

Answer 25

The Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 26

Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.

Answer 26

Belief preseverance

Question 27

incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

Answer 27

Misinformation effect