Social Beliefs And Judgements Flashcards
We have two brain systems
System 1 ( function automatically, intuition or gut feeling)
System 2 (requires conscious attention)
Things we don’t even consciously we notice can subtly influence how we interpret and recall events.
Priming
The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments
EMBODIED COGNITION
Advocates of this believe we should tune into our hunches to use System 1
Intuitive judgement
The powers of intuition
Automatic processing
Controlled processing
“Implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to intuition.” Also known as System 1.
automatic processing
“Explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious. Also known as System 2.
controlled processing
We have seen how automatic, intuitive thinking can “make us smart.” Nevertheless spoke for other cognitive scientists in having doubts about the brilliance of intuition.
THE LIMITS OF INTUITION
The tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs
Overconfidence
Types of overconfidence
Stockbroker overconfidence
Political overconfidence
Student overconfidence
A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
Confirmation bias
One lesson is to be wary of other people’s dogmatic statements. Even when people are sure they are right, they may be wrong. Confidence and competence need not coincide
REMEDIES FOR OVERCONFIDENCE
a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments
Heuristics: mental shortcuts
The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member.
The representativeness Heuristics
Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.
Counterfactual thinking
is a perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
illusory thinking
People like feeling in control and so, when experiencing a lack of control, will act to create a sense of predictability
Gambling
The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one’s average.
regression toward the average
Social judgment involves efficient information processing. It also involves our feelings
Moods and judgements
How we explain others’ behaviors; either by attributing them to their internal disposition or to the external situation.
Attribution theory
attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits.
Dispositional Attribution
attributing behavior to the environment.
Situational attribution
Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source. This can contribute to sexual harassment or rape
Misattribution
The ease with which we infer traits. An effortless, automatic inference of a traits after exposure to someones’s behavior
Spontaneous Trait Inference
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior.
The Fundamental Attribution Error
Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.
Belief preseverance
incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it
Misinformation effect
